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Globalization and Terrorism

Criminology Today

An Integrated Introduction

CHAPTER

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Comparative Criminology

The cross-national study of crime

Comparative criminologists focus on developing theories with increased specificity that can be applied across cultures or countries.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Comparative Criminology

Globalization

Process of social homogenization by which the experiences of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a standardization of cultural expressions around the world

Globalization of knowledge

Increased understanding resulting from a sharing of information among cultures

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Ethnocentrism

The phenomenon of "culture-centeredness" by which one uses one's own culture as a benchmark against which to judge all other patterns of behavior

Ethnocentrism can interfere with comparative criminology in many ways, including how crime statistics are gathered, analyzed, and presented.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Ethnocentrism

In some societies, even the study of crime is taboo.

Crime rates of different countries are hard to compare because of:

Differences in definitions of crimes

Diverse crime-reporting practices

Political, social, economic, and other influences on the reporting of statistics to international agencies

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Transnational Crimes

Transnational crime has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the early 21st century.

Transnational crime ranges from simple fraudulent email and phishing schemes perpetrated globally to illegal trafficking in people, human organs, and illicit drugs.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Human Smuggling and Trafficking

Human smuggling

Illegal immigration in which an agent is involved for payment to help a person cross a border clandestinely.

Generally occurs with consent of person being smuggled

Although it may not involve active coercion, it can still be deadly.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Human Smuggling and Trafficking

Trafficking in persons (TIP)

Exploitation of unwilling or unwitting people through force, coercion, threat, or deception

Often includes an element of smuggling

Trafficking victims may believe they are being smuggled, not trafficked.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Human Trafficking

Women and children comprise the largest group of TIP victims.

TIP is often an international crime involving crossing borders.

Victims can be trafficked within their own country and community.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Figure 16-3 Profile of Worldwide Trafficking Victims Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and -analysis/glotip/GLOTIP_2014_full_report.pdf. Used by permission of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Federal Immigration and Trafficking Legislation

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

1924 Immigration Act

1952 Immigration and Nationality Act

2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act

2003 TVP Reauthorization Act

2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience

The main distinction between terrorism and crime has to do with the offender's political motivation or social ideology.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

TABLE 16-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Figure 16-4 Types of Terrorist Groups Source: Derived from information provided by the Council on Foreign Relations and the Markle Foundation, “Types of Terrorism,” http://www.terrorismanswers.com/terrorism/types.html (accessed January 10, 2010) and http://www.cfr.org/issue/135/ (accessed July 10, 2012).

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Domestic Terrorism

Domestic terrorism

Unlawful force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the U.S. without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the U.S. government or population

1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City

Sovereign citizen movement

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

International Terrorism

International terrorism

Unlawful force or violence by an individual or group with a connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, to further political or social objectives

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cyberterrorism

Terrorism using of high technology, especially computers and the Internet, to plan and carry out terrorist attacks

Can be domestic or international

Targets the virtual world, not people or things

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cyberterrorism

President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection

National Infrastructure Protection Center

Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office

Cybersecurity Czar

Cabinet post

Critical Infrastructure Warning Information Network

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism and Technology

Technological sophistication of state-sponsored terrorist organizations increasing rapidly

Some seeking to obtain WMDs

Bioterrorism

Intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The War on Terrorism

9/11 was the most infamous incident of national terrorism in the U.S.

Led to 3 important legislative initiatives

USA PATRIOT Act (2001)

Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)

Homeland Security Act (2002)

The National Strategy for Combating Terrorism sets out key goals

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The USA PATRIOT Act

Designed to fight terrorism but also includes provisions that apply to other types of crime

Led to concerns about harm to individual rights and civil liberties

The ACLU has pledged to work with the President and law enforcement to ensure civil liberties are not eroded.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Department of Homeland Security

Established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002

Charged with protecting the nation's critical infrastructure against terrorist attack

Director is a member of the Cabinet.

Coordinates activities of 16 domestic agencies

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism Commissions and Reports

Gilmore Commission reports

Hart-Rudman Commission and follow-up report

Bremmer Commission

9/11 Commission

Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism

Bipartisan Policy Center's National Security Preparedness Group

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Countering the Terrorist Threat

U.S. State Dept. Patterns of Global Terrorism

"Money is like oxygen to terrorist, and it must be choked off."

White House National Strategy for Combating Terrorism

Multipronged initiative to reduce the threat severity and international reach of international terrorist organizations

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Countering the Terrorist Threat

Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004

Obama's National Strategy for Counterterrorism

Focus on deterring Islamic-inspired terrorism

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Foreign terrorist organization (FTO)

A foreign organization that engages in terrorist activity that threatens the security of U.S. nationals or the national security of the U.S. and that is so designated by the U.S. Secretary of State

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Organizations considered for FTO designation must:

Be foreign and engage in terrorist activity

Threaten the security of U.S. nationals or the national security of the U.S.

U.S. State Department can declare any group outside the U.S. as an FTO.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Consequences of FTO Designation

Unlawful for anyone in the U.S. or subject to U.S. jurisdiction to provide funds or material support to an FTO

Representatives, members of FTO who are aliens may be denied visas or kept from entering the U.S.

U.S. financial institutions must block funds of FTOs and their agents and report blockage to Treasury Dept.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

State Dept. may designate foreign governments as state sponsors of international terrorism.

Terrorist Exclusion List

Aliens living in the U.S. who provide material assistance to groups on the list can be deported.

Anyone assisting groups on the list can be refused entry into the U.S.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment

Central repository of information on international terrorist identities

TIDE data used in U.S. government's consolidated watchlist, which is used to create TSA "no-fly" list, State Dept. visa database, and other databases

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Future of Terrorism

Trends in modern terrorism

Loosely organized, self-financed, international terrorist networks

Religiously or ideologically motivated terrorism

Recent growth of cross-national links among different terrorist organizations

Proliferation of WMDs is a key concern in the issue of international terrorism.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Assignment 2

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