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24-1 24-2

Planning for Capital

Investments

WILEY

Kimmel ● Weygandt

Survey of Accounting, First Edition

24-3

CHAPTER OUTLINE

Describe capital budgeting inputs and apply the cash

payback technique.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Use the net present value method.2

Identify capital budgeting challenges and refinements.3

Use the internal rate of return method.4

Use the annual rate of return method.5

24-4

Corporate capital budget authorization process:

1. Proposals for projects are requested from departments,

plants, and authorized personnel.

2. Proposals are screened by a capital budget committee.

3. Officers determine which projects are worthy of funding.

4. Board of directors approves capital budget.

LO 1

LEARNING

OBJECTIVE

Describe capital budgeting inputs and

apply the cash payback technique.1

24-5

For purposes of capital budgeting, estimated cash inflows

and outflows are the preferred inputs.

Why?

Ultimately, the value of all financial investments is

determined by the value of cash flows received and paid.

CASH FLOW INFORMATION

LO 1 24-6

Typical cash flows relating to capital budgeting

decisions.

Cash Outflows

Initial investment

Repairs and maintenance

Increased operating costs

Overhaul of equipment

Cash Inflows

Sale of old equipment

Increased cash received from customers

Reduced cash outflows related to operating costs

Salvage value of equipment

ILLUSTRATION 16-2

CASH FLOW INFORMATION

LO 1

24-7

Capital budgeting decisions depend on:

1. Availability of funds.

2. Relationships among proposed projects.

3. Company’s basic decision-making approach.

4. Risk associated with a particular project.

CASH FLOW INFORMATION

LO 1 24-8

Stewart Shipping Company is considering an investment of

$130,000 in new equipment.

ILLUSTRATION 16-3

Investment information for Stewart Shipping example

ILLUSTRATIVE DATA

LO 1

24-9

Cash payback period for Stewart is …

$130,000 ÷ $24,000 = 5.42 years

Cash payback technique identifies the time period required

to recover the cost of the capital investment from the net

annual cash inflow produced by the investment.

ILLUSTRATION 16-4

Cash payback formula

CASH PAYBACK

LO 1 24-10

Shorter payback period = More attractive the investment

In the case of uneven net annual cash flows, the company

determines the cash payback period when the:

= Cumulative net

cash flows from

the investment

Cost of the

investment

LO 1

CASH PAYBACK

24-11

Illustration: Chen Company proposes an investment in a

new website that is estimated to cost $300,000.

Cash payback should not be the only basis for the

capital budgeting decision as it ignores the

expected profitability of the project.

ILLUSTRATION 16-5

Computation of cash

payback period— unequal cash flows

LO 1

CASH PAYBACK

24-12

A $100,000 investment with a zero scrap value has an 8-

year life. Compute the payback period if straight-line

depreciation is used and net income is determined to be

$20,000.

a. 8.00 years.

b. 3.08 years.

c. 5.00 years.

d. 13.33 years.

Question

LO 1

CASH PAYBACK

24-13

Estimated annual cash inflows $400,000

Estimated annual cash outflows 190,000

Net annual cash flow $210,000

Cash payback period = $900,000/$210,000 = 4.3 years.

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another machine

for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The machine would

cost $900,000. It would have an estimated life of 6 years and no

salvage value. The company estimates that annual cash inflows

would increase by $400,000 and that annual cash outflows would

increase by $190,000. Compute the cash payback period.

LO 1

DO IT! 1 Cash Payback Period

SOLUTION

24-14

Discounted cash flow technique:

 Generally recognized as the best approach.

 Considers both the estimated total cash inflows and

the time value of money.

 Two methods:

► Net present value (NPV).

► Internal rate of return (IRR).

LO 2

LEARNING

OBJECTIVE Use the net present value method.2

24-15

 Cash inflows are discounted to their present value and

then compared with the capital outlay required by the

investment.

 The interest rate used in discounting is the required

minimum rate of return.

 Proposal is acceptable when NPV is zero or positive.

 The higher the positive NPV, the more attractive the

investment.

Net Present Value (NPV) method

LO 2 24-16

ILLUSTRATION 16-6

Net present value decision

criteria

Proposal is

acceptable when net

present value is zero

or positive.

Net Present

Value (NPV)

method

LO 2

24-17

Illustration: Stewart Shipping Company’s annual cash flows

are $24,000. If we assume this amount is uniform over the

asset’s useful life, we can compute the present value of the

net annual cash flows.

EQUAL ANNUAL CASH FLOWS

ILLUSTRATION 16-7

Computation of present value of equal net annual cash flows

LO 2 24-18

The proposed capital expenditure is acceptable at a

required rate of return of 12% because the net present

value is positive.

Illustration: Calculate the present value.

Equal Annual Cash Flows

ILLUSTRATION 16-8

Computation of net

present value—equal net annual cash flows

LO 2

24-19

Illustration: Stewart Shipping Company expects the

same total net cash flows of $240,000 over the life of the

investment. Because of a declining market demand for

the new product the net annual cash flows are higher in

the early years and lower in the later years.

UNEQUAL ANNUAL CASH FLOWS

LO 2 24-20

ILLUSTRATION 16-9

Computation of present value of unequal annual cash flows

UNEQUAL ANNUAL CASH FLOWS

LO 2

24-21

Proposed capital expenditure is acceptable at a required

rate of return of 12% because the net present value is

positive.

Illustration: Calculate the net present value.

UNEQUAL ANNUAL CASH FLOWS

ILLUSTRATION 16-10

Computation of net

present value—unequal annual cash flows

LO 2 24-22

Can You Hear Me Me—Better?

What’s better than 3G wireless service? 4G. But the question for

wireless service providers is whether customers will be willing to pay

extra for that improvement. Verizon has spent billions on upgrading

its networks in the past few years, so it now offers 4G LTE service to

97% of the nation. Verizon is hoping that its investment in 4G works

out better than its $23 billion investment in its FIOS fiber-wired

network for TV and ultrahigh-speed Internet. One analyst estimates

that the present value of each FIOS customer is $800 less than the

cost of the connection.

Sources: Martin Peers, “Investors: Beware Verizon’s Generation GAP,” Wall

Street Journal Online (January 26, 2010); and Chad Fraser, “What Warren

Buffett Sees in Verizon,” Investing Daily (May 30, 2014).

MANAGEMENT INSIGHT Verizon

LO 2

24-23

In most instances a company uses a required rate of

return equal to its cost of capital — that is, the rate that

it must pay to obtain funds from creditors and

stockholders.

Discount rate has two elements:

 Cost of capital

 Risk

Rate also know as

 required rate of return.

 hurdle rate.

 cutoff rate.

CHOOSING A DISCOUNT RATE

LO 2 24-24

Illustration: Stewart Shipping used a discount rate of 12%.

Suppose this rate does not take into account the risk of the

project. A more appropriate rate might be 15%.

CHOOSING A DISCOUNT RATE

ILLUSTRATION 16-11

Comparison of net present values

at different discount rates

LO 2

24-25

 All cash flows come at the end of each year.

 All cash flows are immediately reinvested in another

project that has a similar return.

 All cash flows can be predicted with certainty.

SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS

LO 2 24-26

Compute the net present value of a $260,000 investment

with a 10-year life, annual cash inflows of $50,000 and a

discount rate of 12%.

a. $(9,062).

b. $22,511.

c. $9,062.

d. $(22,511).

Question

Net Present Value (NPV) method

LO 2

24-27

Best Taste Foods is considering investing in new

equipment to produce fat-free snack foods.

ILLUSTRATION 16-12

Investment information for Best Taste Foods example

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE

LO 2 24-28

ILLUSTRATION 16-13

Computation of net annual cash flow

Compute the net annual cash flow.

Comprehensive Example

LO 2

24-29

Comprehensive Example

Compute the net annual cash flow.

LO 2

ILLUSTRATION 16-14

Computation of net present value for Best Taste Foods investment

24-30

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another

machine for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The

machine would cost $900,000. It would have an estimated

life of 6 years and no salvage value. The company

estimates that annual cash inflows would increase by

$400,000 and that annual cash outflows would increase by

$190,000. Management has a required rate of return of 9%.

Calculate the net present value on this project and discuss

whether it should be accepted.

LO 2

DO IT! 2 Net Present Value

24-31

Calculate the net present value on this project and discuss

whether it should be accepted.

LO 2

DO IT! 2 Net Present Value

24-32

INTANGIBLE BENEFITS

Intangible benefits might include increased quality,

improved safety, or enhanced employee loyalty.

To avoid rejecting projects with intangible benefits:

1. Calculate net present value ignoring intangible benefits.

2. Project rough, conservative estimates of the value of the

intangible benefits, and incorporate these values into the

NPV calculation.

LO 3

LEARNING

OBJECTIVE

Identify capital budgeting challenges

and refinements.3

24-33

Example - Berg Company is considering

the purchase of a new mechanical robot.

Based on the negative

net present value of

$30,493, the proposed

project is not

acceptable.

INTANGIBLE BENEFITS

ILLUSTRATION 16-15

Investment information for

Berg Company example

LO 3 24-34

Berg estimates that sales will increase cash inflows by

$10,000 annually as a result of an increase in quality.

Berg also estimates that annual cost outflows would be

reduced by $5,000 as a result of lower warranty claims,

reduced injury claims, and missed work.

Using these conservative estimates of the value of the

additional benefits, should Berg accept the project?

Example

LO 3

24-35

Berg would accept the project.

Example

ILLUSTRATION 16-16

Revised investment information

for Berg Company example, including intangible benefits

LO 3 24-36

It Need Not Cost an Arm and a Leg

Most manufacturers say that employee safety matters above everything else.

But how many back up this statement with investments that improve employee

safety? Recently, a woodworking hobbyist, who also happens to be a patent

attorney with a Ph.D. in physics, invented a mechanism that automatically shuts

down a power saw when the saw blade comes in contact with human flesh. The

blade stops so quickly that only minor injuries result. Power saws injure 40,000

Americans each year, and 4,000 of those injuries are bad enough to require

amputation. Therefore, one might think that power-saw companies would be

lined up to incorporate this mechanism into their saws. But, in the words of one

power-tool company, “Safety doesn’t sell.” Since existing saw manufacturers

were unwilling to incorporate the device into their saws, eventually the inventor

started his own company to build the devices and sell them directly to

businesses that use power saws.

Source: Melba Newsome, “An Edgy New Idea,” Time: Inside Business (May 2006), p.

A16.

ETHICS INSIGHT

LO 3

24-37

 Proposals are often mutually exclusive.

 Managers often must choose between various

positive-NPV projects because of limited resources.

 Tempting to choose the project with the higher NPV.

PROFITABILITY INDEX FOR

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTS

LO 3 24-38

Illustration: Two mutually exclusive projects, each

assumed to have a 10-year life and a 12% discount rate.

ILLUSTRATION 16-17

ILLUSTRATION 16-18

PROFITABILITY INDEX FOR

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTS

LO 3

24-39

Illustration: One method of comparing alternative projects

is the profitability index.

PROFITABILITY INDEX FOR

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTS

LO 3

ILLUSTRATION 16-18

ILLUSTRATION

16-20

24-40

Assume Project A has a present value of net cash inflows of $79,600

and an initial investment of $60,000. Project B has a present value of

net cash inflows of $82,500 and an initial investment of $75,000.

Assuming the projects are mutually exclusive, which project should

management select?

a. Project A.

b. Project B.

c. Project A or B.

d. There is not enough data to answer the question.

Question

PROFITABILITY INDEX FOR

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTS

LO 3

24-41

A simplifying assumption made by many financial analysts

is that projected results are known with certainty.

 Projected results are only estimates.

 Sensitivity analysis is used to deal with uncertainty.

► Sensitivity analysis uses a number of outcome

estimates to get a sense of the variability among

potential returns.

RISK ANALYSIS

LO 3 24-42

Wide-Screen Capacity

Building a new factory to produce 60-inch TV screens can cost $4

billion. But for more than 10 years, manufacturers of these screens have

continued to build new plants. By building so many plants, they have

expanded productive capacity at a rate that has exceeded the demand

for big-screen TVs. In fact, during one recent year, the supply of big-

screen TVs was estimated to exceed demand by 12%, rising to 16% in

the future. One state-of-the-art plant built by Sharp was estimated to be

operating at only 50% of capacity. Experts say that the price of big-

screen TVs will have to fall much further than they already have before

demand may eventually catch up with productive capacity.

Source: James Simms, “Sharp’s Payoff Delayed,” Wall Street Journal Online

(September 14, 2010).

MANAGEMENT INSIGHT Sharp

LO 3

24-43

Performing a post-audit is important.

 If managers know that their estimates will be

compared to actual results they will be more likely to

submit reasonable and accurate data when making

investment proposals.

 Provides a formal mechanism to determine whether

existing projects should be supported or terminated.

 Improve future investment proposals.

POST-AUDIT OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS

LO 3 24-44

Taz Corporation has decided to invest in renewable energy

sources to meet part of its energy needs for production. It is

considering solar power versus wind power. After considering

cost savings as well as incremental revenues from selling

excess electricity into the power grid, it has determined the

following.

Solar Wind

Present value of annual cash flows $78,580 $168,450

Initial investment $45,500 $125,300

Determine the net present value and profitability index of each

project. Which energy source should it choose?

LO 3

DO IT! 3 Profitability Index

24-45

Solar Wind

Present value of annual cash flows $78,580 $168,450

Less: Initial investment 45,500 125,300

Net present value $33,080 $ 43,150

Profitability index 1.73* 1.34**

*$78,580 ÷ $45,500

**168,450 ÷ 125,300

While the investment in wind power generates the higher net present

value, it also requires a substantially higher initial investment. The

profitability index favors solar power, which suggests that the additional

net present value of wind is outweighed by the cost of the initial

investment. The company should choose solar power.

Solution

LO 3

DO IT! 3 Profitability Index

24-46

 Differs from the net present value method in that it

finds the interest yield of the potential investment.

 Internal rate of return (IRR) - interest rate that will

cause the present value of the proposed capital

expenditure to equal the present value of the expected

net annual cash flows (NPV equal to zero).

 How does one determine the internal rate of return?

LO 4

LEARNING

OBJECTIVE

Use the internal rate of return

method. 4

24-47

Illustration: Stewart Shipping Company is considering the

purchase of a new front-end loader at a cost of $244,371. Net

annual cash flows from this loader are estimated to be

$100,000 a year for three years. Determine the internal rate of

return on this front-end loader.

ILLUSTRATION 16-21

Estimation of internal rate of return

Internal Rate of Return Method

LO 4 24-48

$244,371 ÷ $100,000 = 2.44371

An easier approach to solving for the internal rate of return

when net annual cash flows are equal. ILLUSTRATION 16-22 Formula for internal rate of return—

even cash flows

Applying the

formula:

Internal Rate of Return Method

LO 4

ILLUSTRATION 16-23

Present value of a three-payment annuity

24-49

ILLUSTRATION 16-24

Internal rate of return

decision criteria

Internal Rate of Return Method

LO 4 24-50

Either method will provide management with relevant

quantitative data for making capital budgeting decisions.

COMPARING DISCOUNTED CASH

FLOW METHODS ILLUSTRATION 16-25

Comparison of discounted

cash flow methods

LO 4

24-51

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another

machine for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The

machine would cost $900,000. It would have an estimated

life of 6 years and no salvage value. The company

estimates that annual cash inflows would increase by

$400,000 and that annual cash outflows would increase by

$190,000. Management has a required rate of return of 9%.

Calculate the internal rate of return on this project and

discuss whether it should be accepted.

LO 4

DO IT! 4 Internal Rate of Return

24-52

Estimated annual cash inflows $400,000

Estimated annual cash outflows 190,000

Net annual cash flow 210,000

Machine cost 900,000

Net annual cash flow 210,000

PV Factor 4.28571

Calculate the internal rate of return.

Now, find the rate that corresponds to the present value factor.

LO 4

DO IT! 4 Internal Rate of Return

24-53

PV Factor 4.28571

Since the required rate of return is only 9%, the project should

be accepted.

Find the rate that corresponds to the present value factor.

LO 4

DO IT! 4 Internal Rate of Return

24-54

Indicates the profitability of a capital expenditure by

dividing expected annual net income by the average

investment.

LO 5

LEARNING

OBJECTIVE

Use the annual rate of return

method. 5

ILLUSTRATION 16-26

Annual rate of return formula

24-55

Illustration: Reno Company is considering an investment of

$130,000 in new equipment. The new equipment is

expected to last five years and have zero salvage value at

the end of its useful life. Reno uses the straight-line method

of depreciation.

Annual Rate of Return

ILLUSTRATION 16-27

Estimated annual net income from Reno Company’s capital expenditure

LO 5 24-56

Expected annual

rate of return

ILLUSTRATION 16-28

Formula for computing average investment

= $65,000 130,000 + 0

$13,000

$65,000 = 20%

A project is acceptable if its rate of return is greater than

management’s required rate of return.

Annual Rate of Return

LO 5

24-57

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another

machine for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The

machine would cost $900,000. It would have an estimated

life of 6 years and no salvage value. The company estimates

that annual revenues would increase by $400,000 and that

annual expenses excluding depreciation would increase by

$190,000. It uses the straight-line method to compute

depreciation expense. Management has a required rate of

return of 9%. Compute the annual rate of return.

LO 5

DO IT! 5 Annual Rate of Return

24-58

The proposed project is acceptable.

Compute the annual rate of return.

LO 5

DO IT! 5 Annual Rate of Return

24-59

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