Sociology HW
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Ch15RaceandEthnicity.pptxSociology
SEVENTEENTH EDITION
Chapter 15
Race and Ethnicity
The Power of Society
Is our choice to cast a vote for a particular candidate a purely “personal” decision?
In the 2016 presidential election, 58 percent of non-Hispanic white people voted for Donald Trump.
If only white people had voted, the election would have been a Republican landslide.
But Hillary Clinton received overwhelming support from Asian Americans (65 percent), Hispanic Americans (66 percent), and especially African Americans (88 percent).
If only these categories of the population had voted, the election would have been a Democratic landslide of historic proportion.
The political choices people make when they vote in elections are not simply personal preferences, but they also reflect race, ethnicity, and other societal factors.
Source: Center for American Women and Politics (2016).
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The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity (1 of 4)
15.1 Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity.
Race
Socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
Meanings and importance of race vary across time and place.
No society contains biologically “pure” people.
There is more genetic variation within each racial category than between categories.
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Figure 15–1 The Coming Minority Majority
According to projections from the Census Bureau, the United States will have a minority majority in the year 2044, less than thirty years from now.
By that time, as the figure shows, the white, non-Hispanic population will actually decline, as the number of Asian Americans, African Americans, and especially Hispanic Americans increases.
What changes do you expect this trend will bring to the United States?
Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2014).
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National Map 15–1 Where the Minority Majority Already Exists
Racial and ethnic minorities are now a majority of the population in four states—Hawaii, California, New Mexico, and Texas—as well as in the District of Columbia.
At the other extreme, Vermont and Maine have the smallest share (about 6 percent) of minorities. Why do you think states with high minority populations are located in the South and Southwest?
Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2016).
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Figure 15–2 Bogardus Social Distance Research
The social distance scale is a good way to measure prejudice.
Part (a) illustrates the complete social distance scale, from least social distance at the far left to greatest social distance at the far right.
Part (c) presents the overall mean score in specific years (the average of the scores received by all racial and ethnic categories).
These scores have fallen from 2.14 in 1925 to 1.44 in 2001, showing that students express less social distance toward minorities today than they did in the past.
Part (d) shows the range of averages, the difference between the highest and lowest scores in given years (in 2011, for instance, it was 1.08, the difference between the high score of 2.23 for Muslims and the low score of 1.15 for Americans.
This figure has also become smaller in studies carried out after since 1925, indicating that today's students tend to see fewer differences between various categories of people.
Source: Parrillo and Donoghue (2013).
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Discrimination (2 of 3)
In 2014, eighteen-year-old Michael Brown was shot and killed by twenty-eight-year-old Darren Wilson, a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri.
There was widespread outrage at the killing of Brown, who was unarmed but acting in a threatening manner.
Wilson was not charged with a crime, and he has since left law enforcement.
The high level of national concern over this event and the widespread protests and rioting over this event—especially within the African American community—suggest that many believe race continues to shape the operation of the U.S. criminal justice system.
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Figure 15–3 Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Circle
Prejudice and discrimination can form a vicious circle, thereby perpetuating themselves.
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National Map 15–2 Land Controlled by Native Americans, 1784 to Today
In 1784, Native Americans controlled three-fourths of the land (blue-shaded areas) that eventually became the United States.
Today, Native Americans control 437 reservations, scattered across the country, that account for just 5.3 percent of the country’s land area.
How would you characterize these locations?
Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2016).
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Table 15–2 The Social Standing of Native Americans, 2015
| Table 15–2 The Social Standing of Native Americans, 2015 | ||
| blank | Native Americans | Entire U.S. Population |
| Median family income | $46,006 | $70,797 |
| Percentage in poverty | 26.6% | 13.5% |
| Completion of four or more years of college (age 25 and older) | 14.1% | 33.4% |
| SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau (2016) |
Race and Ethnicity in the United States (4 of 9)
The Congressional Black Caucus represents the increasing political power of African Americans in the United States. Even so, in 2017, African Americans accounted for just forty-six members of the House of Representatives, three members of the U.S. Senate, and no state governors.
Race and Ethnicity in the United States (5 of 9)
Asian Americans
18 million, 5.6 percent of U.S. population
Enormous diversity within category
Attention commanded as high achievers
“Model minority” stereotype
Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, and recent Asian immigrants
Race and Ethnicity in the United States (7 of 9)
Arab Americans
Increasing in size
Ancestors lived in a variety of countries and cultures differ from society to society
All social classes represented
Often stereotyped as terrorists and target of hate crimes
This mosque rises above the cornfields in a rural area near Toledo, Ohio.
Arab American communities can be found in many large cities on the East and West Coasts of the United States, but the heaviest concentrations are found across the upper Midwest.
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Race and Ethnicity in the United States (8 of 9)
White Ethnic Americans
Persist in many U.S. cities, especially in the Northeast region of the country
Primarily working-class men and women whose ancestors came to U.S. as immigrants
Endured some prejudice and discrimination
To many people, areas such as Philadelphia's Italian Market are a source of attractive cultural diversity.
National Map 15–3 The Concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Arab Americans, by County
In 2015, Asian Americans represented 5.6 percent of the U.S. population.
That’s compared with 17.6 percent Hispanic Americans, 12.4 percent African Americans, and 0.6 percent Arab Americans.
These maps show the geographic distribution of these categories of the U.S. population.
Comparing them we see that the southern half of the United States is home to far more minorities than the northern half.
But do all minorities concentrate in the same areas of the country?
What patterns do the maps reveal?
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau (2016).
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