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Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Tourism

TWELFTH EDITION

Charles R. Goeldner

J. R. Brent Ritchie

Tourism Policy: Structure, Content, and Process

CHAPTER

Learning Objectives

Demonstrate critical importance of tourism policy to competitiveness and sustainability of a tourism destination.

Outline the structure and content of a typical policy framework for a tourism destination.

Identify some methods, techniques, and approaches used to assist in tourism policy formulation.

Why is tourism policy important?

Tourism regions must have:

High level “master-planning” is needed regarding the strategic directions, policies that positively impact the stakeholders.

This chapter:

Enhances our understanding of tourism in future years

Focuses on global forces such as

Competition from other destinations

Pressure to maintain the ecological integrity or regions affected by tourism

Why is tourism policy important?

Garbage in Tunisia

Why is tourism policy important?

Garbage in Tunisia

Bloggers-Garbage in Tunisia:

PJ-The majority of the people on here are blaming the wrong people. Why should the municipalities be blamed for not putting bins out?? They did not put the rubbish on the ground!! The people who throw the rubbish everywhere are the Tunisian people… On-the-spot fines should be handed out for littering the streets and if they cannot pay PUT THEM IN PRISON TILL IT IS PAID BY FAMILY.

SJ-how can you ticket people for littering when there isn't many places for them to use to put the rubbish in?

Maria-Tunisia shouldn’t be cleaned up for tourists only. It’s should foremost be tidied for Tunisians themselves. Don’t people have any self respect?

Amine-it’s only a question of lack of education! people have never been educated about environment or garbage disposal…they do not consider their streets and cities as the reflection of their homes.

Why is tourism policy important?

Garbage in Tunisia

Why is tourism policy important?

It defines the rules of the game-the terms under which tourism operators must function

It sets out activities and behaviors that are acceptable for visitors

It provides a common direction and guidance for all tourism stakeholders within a destination

It facilities consensus around specific strategies and objectives for a given destination

It provides a framework for a public/private discussion on the role and contributions of the tourism section to the economy and to society in general.

It allows tourism to interface more effectively with other sectors of the economy

The Competitive/Sustainable Tourist Destination: A Managerial Framework

Tourism Policy: A Definition

Tourism policy can be defined as:

A set of regulations, rules, guidelines, directives, and development/promotion objectives and strategies that provide a framework within which the collective and individual decisions directly affecting tourism development and the daily activities within a destination are taken.

Policies typically address three pillars:

Economic, Community and Environmental

Tourism Policy: Sonoma, CA

Hotel Limitation Measure for a special election Nov. 19. The measure would cap new hotels or expansion of existing ones to 25 rooms unless Sonoma achieves an annual occupancy rate of 80 percent, which the city has never done.

Hotel Sonoma-

59-room hotel proposed ½ block west of plaza

Facts

EXAMPLES OF THE MANY “STAKEHOLDERS” IN TOURISM WITHIN A GIVEN DESTINATION/REGION

Residents of the “Host” Destination

Local/Municipal/Regional/Provincial/National Governments

Local/Regional/National Environmental Groups

Local visitors/excursionists

Remote visitors/tourists

EXAMPLES OF THE MANY “STAKEHOLDERS” IN TOURISM WITHIN A GIVEN DESTINATION/REGION (CONTINUED)

Tourism industry sectors:

Transportation

Accommodation

Attractions

Events

Commercial Outdoor Recreation

Commercial Visitor Service

Destination Management Organization (DMO)

Culture/Heritage Groups

Social/Health/Education Groups

Areas Addressed by Tourism Policy

Roles of tourism within overall socio-economic development of destination region

Type of destination that will most effectively fulfill the desired roles

Taxation – types and levels

Financing for tourism sector – sources and terms

Nature. direction of product development/maintenance

Transportation access and infrastructure

Regulatory practices (e.g., airlines, travel agencies)

Areas Addressed by Tourism Policy

Environmental practices and restrictions

Industry image, credibility

Community relationships

Human resources and labor supply

Union and labor legislation

Technology

Marketing practices

WHAT IS A TOURISM DESTINATION?

Defined-A particular geographic region within which the visitor enjoys various types of travel experiences

Types (broadest to most local)

A nation or country

A macro region, consisting of several countries

A province or state within a country

A localized region within a country

A city or town

A unique locale

(National park, historic site, Walt Disney World)

(San Francisco)

(western Canada, Sierra mountains)

(Nevis/St Kitts)

(Europe, South America)

(Guangxi, California)

“TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT” (TDM)

Tourism destination management (TDM) focuses on two primary parameters:

Competitiveness

Its ability to compete effectively and profitability in the tourism marketplace

Sustainability

The ability of a destination to maintain the quality of its physical. Social, cultural and environmental resources while it competes in the marketplace.

“TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT” (TDM)

Where is this?

Why might this attraction be unsustainable?

“TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT” (TDM)

Milan, Italy

Duomo Di Milano Cathedral.

The Gothic cathedral took nearly six centuries to complete. Construction started 1386 and was completed 1965. It is the fifth largest cathedral in the world and the largest in the Italian state territory.

“TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT” (TDM)

Why might this attraction be unsustainable?

ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFUL “TOTAL TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT”

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism

Tourism policies are but part of the social, economic, and political policies that govern and direct the functioning of society within which tourism exists.

Taxation – affects costs and profitability (e.g. bed taxes)

Interest Rate Policy – affects costs and profitability

Bilateral Air (air travel) Agreements – determine foreign visitor access

Environmental Policy – limits growth and access to attractive, but sensitive areas

Customs and Immigration Policy – can facilitate or hinder international visitation

Communications Policy – can restrict use of certain advertising media

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Minimum Wage Policy – can affect labor markets

Welfare Policy – can influence nature, behavior of work force

Education Policy – can affect quality of workforce

Cultural Policy – can affect preservation and promotion of national heritage

Foreign Investment Policy/Regulations – can affect availability of investment capital

Local Zoning Policy/By-Laws – can restrict or encourage tourism facility development

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

National/Provincial/Local Policy re: funding support for major public facilities (e.g., stadiums, convention centers, museums, parks) – can drastically affect destination attractiveness

Example – Guayaquil, Ecuador

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Guayaquil, Ecuador

Guayaquil is located on the western bank of the Guayas River, which flows into the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil.

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Typical Guayaquil cuisine includes mostly seafood dishes such as encebollado (fish stew with onions) and ceviche.

The most traditional dish of Guayaquil is Arroz con Menestra y Carne Asada (Rice with lentils and grilled beef).

During breakfast, Patacones and Bolon de Verde (fried plantain with cheese mashed and given a rounded shape) play a big role

Guayaquil, Ecuador

Ecuadorian ceviche, made of shrimp, lime and tomato sauce

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Guayaquileños' main sources of income are: formal and informal trade, business, agriculture and aquaculture.

Most commerce consists of small and medium businesses, adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment.

Guayaquil, Ecuador

The current municipal administration aims to convert Guayaquil into a place for first-class international tourism and business multinationals.

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Guayaquil’s waterfront 1920

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Guayaquil, Ecuador

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Guayaquil, Ecuador

General Economic & Social Policies Affecting Tourism (continued)

Infrastructure Policy – can make destination safer for visitors, or restrict resident travel to foreign destinations

Currency/Exchange Rate Policies – directly affects destination cost competitiveness

Legal System – determines consumer/visitor protection legislation (e.g., liability for failing to deliver advertised facilities/tours/experiences)

Tourism: Some of its multiple interfaces with other sectors of the economy and society

Legal/Political

Players

Technology

Sector

Environmental

Movement

Entertainment

Industry

Resource

Extraction

Industries

Health Services

Sector

Education

Sector

Financial

Sector

The Structure and Composition of Tourism Policy

Destination Vision Framework

The Process of Tourism Policy, Strategy Formulation and Implementation

Transportation

Industries and

Infrastructure

Transportation Industries and Infrastructure