Write a Maximum 700 word memo explaining why production cost report showed only 2,000 equivalent units in ending inventory.
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ch15.pptxJob Order Costing
Kimmel ● Weygandt ● Kieso
Accounting, Sixth Edition
15
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Use a job cost sheet to assign costs to work in process.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Describe cost systems and the flow of costs in a job order system.
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2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Demonstrate how to determine and use the predetermined overhead rate.
3
Prepare entries for manufacturing and service jobs completed and sold.
4
Distinguish between under- and overapplied manufacturing overhead.
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Cost Accounting involves
Measuring,
Recording, and
Reporting product costs.
Accounts are fully integrated into the general ledger.
Perpetual inventory system provides immediate, up-to-date information on the cost of a product.
Two basic types: (1) a process order cost system and (2) a job order cost system.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Describe cost systems and the flow of costs in a job order system.
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Used when a large volume of similar products are manufactured - (cereal, refining of petroleum, production of ice cream).
Costs are accumulated for a time period – (week or month).
Costs are assigned to departments or processes for a specified period of time.
PROCESS COST SYSTEM
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ILLUSTRATION 15-1
Process cost system
PROCESS COST SYSTEM
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Costs are assigned to each job or batch.
Important feature: Each job or batch has its own distinguishing characteristics.
Objective is to compute the cost per job.
Measures costs for each job completed – not for set time periods.
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JOB ORDER COST SYSTEM
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ILLUSTRATION 15-2 shows the recording of costs in a job order cost system for Disney as it produced two different films.
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JOB ORDER COST SYSTEM
ILLUSTRATION 15-2
Job order cost system for Disney
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The flow of costs parallels the physical flow of the materials as they are converted into finished goods
Manufacturing costs are assigned to the Work in Process (WIP) Inventory account.
Cost of completed jobs is transferred to the Finished Goods Inventory account.
When units are sold, the cost is transferred to the Cost of Goods Sold account.
JOB ORDER COST FLOW
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JOB ORDER COST FLOW
ILLUSTRATION 15-3
Flow of costs in job order costing
Basic overview of the flow of costs in a manufacturing setting for production of a fire truck.
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Raw Material Costs
Illustration: Wallace Company purchases 2,000 lithium batteries (Stock No. AA2746) at $5 per unit ($10,000) and 800 electronic modules (Stock No. AA2850) at $40 per unit ($32,000) for a total cost of $42,000 ($10,000 + $32,000). The entry to record this purchase on January 4 is:
Jan. 4 Raw Materials Inventory 42,000
Accounts Payable 42,000
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ACCUMULATING MANUFACTURING COSTS
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Factory Labor Costs
Consists of three costs:
Gross earnings of factory workers,
Employer payroll taxes on these earnings, and
Fringe benefits (such as sick pay, pensions, and vacation pay) incurred by the employer.
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ACCUMULATING MANUFACTURING COSTS
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Illustration: Wallace incurs $32,000 of factory labor costs. Of that amount, $27,000 relates to wages payable and $5,000 relates to payroll taxes payable in February. The entry to record factory labor for the month is:
Jan. 31 Factory Labor 32,000
Factory Wages Payable 27,000
Employer Payroll Taxes Payable 5,000
Factory Labor Costs
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ACCUMULATING MANUFACTURING COSTS
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Many types of overhead costs
For example, property taxes, depreciation, insurance, and repairs related to the manufacturing process.
Costs unrelated to manufacturing process are expensed.
Costs related to manufacturing process are accumulated in Manufacturing Overhead account.
Manufacturing overhead subsequently assigned to work in process.
Manufacturing Overhead Costs
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ACCUMULATING MANUFACTURING COSTS
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Illustration: Using assumed data, the summary entry for manufacturing overhead in Wallace Manufacturing Company is:
Jan. 31 Manufacturing Overhead 13,800
Utilities Payable 4,800
Prepaid Insurance 2,000
Accounts Payable (for repairs) 2,600
Accumulated Depreciation 3,000
Property Taxes Payable 1,400
Manufacturing Overhead Costs
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ACCUMULATING MANUFACTURING COSTS
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During the current month, Ringling Company incurs the following manufacturing costs:
(a) Raw material purchases of $4,200 on account.
Factory labor of $18,000. Of that amount, $15,000 relates to wages payable and $3,000 relates to payroll taxes payable.
Factory utilities of $2,200 are payable, prepaid factory insurance of $1,800 has expired, and depreciation on the factory building is $3,500.
Prepare journal entries for each type of manufacturing cost.
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DO IT!
Accumulating Manufacturing Costs
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(a) Raw material purchases of $4,200 on account.
Raw Materials Inventory 4,200
Accounts Payable 4,200
(b) Factory labor of $18,000. Of that amount, $15,000 relates to wages payable and $3,000 relates to payroll taxes payable.
Factory Labor 18,000
Factory Wages Payable 15,000
Employer Payroll Taxes Payable 3,000
Prepare journal entries for each type of manufacturing cost.
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Accumulating Manufacturing Costs
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(c) Factory utilities of $2,200 are payable, prepaid factory insurance of $1,800 has expired, and depreciation on the factory building is $3,500.
Manufacturing Overhead 7,500
Utilities Payable 2,200
Prepaid Insurance 1,800
Accumulated Depreciation 3,500
Prepare journal entries for each type of manufacturing cost.
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DO IT!
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Accumulating Manufacturing Costs
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Assigning manufacturing costs to work in process results in the following entries.
Debits made to Work in Process Inventory
Credits made to
Raw Materials Inventory
Factory Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Use a job cost sheet to assign costs to work in process.
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Used to record costs chargeable to specific jobs.
Constitutes the subsidiary ledger for the work in process account.
Each entry to Work in Process Inventory must be accompanied by a corresponding posting to
one or more job cost sheets.
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Job Cost Sheet
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ILLUSTRATION 15-4
Job cost sheet
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Assigned to a job when materials are issued in response to requests.
Materials requisition slip
Written authorization for issuing raw materials.
May be directly issued to use on a job - direct materials (charged to Work in Process Inventory).
May be considered indirect materials – charged to Manufacturing Overhead.
RAW MATERIAL COSTS
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ILLUSTRATION 15-5
Materials requisition slip
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Illustration: Wallace uses $24,000 of direct materials and $6,000 of indirect materials in January, the entry is:
Jan. 31 Work in Process Inventory 24,000
Manufacturing Overhead 6,000
Raw Materials Inventory 30,000
RAW MATERIAL COSTS
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The sum of the direct materials columns of the job cost sheets should equal the direct materials debited to Work in Process Inventory account.
Illustration 15-6
RAW MATERIAL COSTS
ILLUSTRATION 15-6
Job cost sheets–posting of direct materials
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Assigned to jobs on the basis of time tickets.
Time tickets are prepared when the work is performed.
Time tickets indicate:
Employee
Hours worked
Account and job charged
Total labor cost
FACTORY LABOR COSTS
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FACTORY LABOR COSTS
ILLUSTRATION 15-7
Time ticket
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Illustration: The time tickets are later sent to the payroll department, which applies the employee’s hourly wage rate and computes the total labor cost. If the $32,000 total factory labor cost consists of $28,000 of direct labor and $4,000 of indirect labor, the entry is:
Jan. 31 Work in Process Inventory 28,000
Manufacturing Overhead 4,000
Factory Labor 32,000
FACTORY LABOR COSTS
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Jan. 31 Work in Process Inventory 28,000
Manufacturing Overhead 4,000
Factory Labor 32,000
FACTORY LABOR COSTS
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The sum of the direct labor columns of the job cost sheets should equal the direct labor debited to Work in Process Inventory.
FACTORY LABOR COSTS
ILLUSTRATION 15-8
Job cost sheets–direct labor
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Danielle Company is working on two job orders. The job cost sheets show the following:
Direct materials—Job 120 $6,000; Job 121 $3,600
Direct labor—Job 120 $4,000; Job 121 $2,000
Manufacturing overhead—Job 120 $5,000; Job 121 $2,500
Prepare the three summary entries to record the assignment of costs to Work in Process from the data on the job cost sheets.
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DO IT!
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Work in Process
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Danielle Company is working on two job orders. The job cost sheets show the following:
Direct materials—Job 120 $6,000; Job 121 $3,600
Direct labor—Job 120 $4,000; Job 121 $2,000
Manufacturing overhead—Job 120 $5,000; Job 121 $2,500
Prepare the three summary entries to record the assignment of costs to Work in Process from the data on the job cost sheets.
Work in Process Inventory 9,600
Raw Materials Inventory 9,600
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DO IT!
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Work in Process
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Danielle Company is working on two job orders. The job cost sheets show the following:
Direct materials—Job 120 $6,000; Job 121 $3,600
Direct labor—Job 120 $4,000; Job 121 $2,000
Manufacturing overhead—Job 120 $5,000; Job 121 $2,500
Prepare the three summary entries to record the assignment of costs to Work in Process from the data on the job cost sheets.
Work in Process Inventory 6,000
Factory Labor 6,000
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DO IT!
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Work in Process
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Danielle Company is working on two job orders. The job cost sheets show the following:
Direct materials—Job 120 $6,000; Job 121 $3,600
Direct labor—Job 120 $4,000; Job 121 $2,000
Manufacturing overhead—Job 120 $5,000; Job 121 $2,500
Prepare the three summary entries to record the assignment of costs to Work in Process from the data on the job cost sheets.
Work in Process Inventory 7,500
Manufacturing Overhead 7,500
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DO IT!
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Work in Process
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Relates to production operations as a whole.
Cannot be assigned to specific jobs based on actual costs incurred.
Companies assign to work in process and to specific jobs on an estimated basis through the use of a …
Manufacturing Overhead Costs
Predetermined Overhead Rate
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate how to determine and use the predetermined overhead rate.
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Based on the relationship between estimated annual overhead costs and expected annual operating activity.
Expressed in terms of an activity base such as:
Direct labor costs
Direct labor hours
Machine hours
Any other measure that will provide an equitable basis for applying overhead costs to jobs.
Predetermined Overhead Rate
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Established at the beginning of the year.
Small companies often use a single, company-wide predetermined rate.
Large companies often use a different rate for each department and each department may have a different activity base.
Formula for computing the predetermined rate overhead rate is:
Predetermined Overhead Rate
ILLUSTRATION 15-11
Calculation of predetermined overhead rate
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Manufacturing overhead costs are assigned to Work in Process during the period to get timely information about the cost of a completed job.
Predetermined Overhead Rate
ILLUSTRATION 15-10
Using predetermined overhead rates
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This means that for every dollar of direct labor, Wallace will assign of manufacturing overhead to a job.
Illustration: Wallace Company uses direct labor cost as the activity base. Assuming that the company expects annual overhead costs to be $280,000 and direct labor costs for the year to be $350,000, compute the overhead rate.
80 cents
Predetermined Overhead Rate
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ILLUSTRATION 15-11
Calculation of predetermined overhead rate
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LO 3
Illustration: Wallace applies manufacturing overhead to work in process when it assigns direct labor costs. Calculate the amount of applied overhead assuming direct labor costs were $28,000.
$28,000 x 80% = $22,400
The following entry records this application.
Jan. 31 Work in Process Inventory 22,400
Manufacturing Overhead 22,400
Predetermined Overhead Rate
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The sum of the manufacturing overhead columns of the job cost sheets should equal the manufacturing overhead debited (i.e., applied) to Work in Process Inventory.
Predetermined Overhead Rate
ILLUSTRATION 15-12
Job cost sheets–manufacturing
overhead applied
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At the End of Each Month:
The balance in the Work in Process Inventory should equal the sum of the costs shown on the job cost sheets of unfinished jobs.
Predetermined Overhead Rate
ILLUSTRATION 15-13
Proof of job cost sheets to work in process inventory
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Stanley Company produces specialized safety devices. For the year, manufacturing overhead costs are expected to be $160,000. Expected machine usage is 40,000 hours. The company assigns overhead based on machine hours. Job No. 302 used 2,000 machine hours. Compute the predetermined overhead rate.
SOLUTION
$160,000 ÷ 40,000 hours = $4.00 per machine hour
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DO IT!
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Predetermined Overhead Rate
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Stanley Company produces specialized safety devices. For the year, manufacturing overhead costs are expected to be $160,000. Expected machine usage is 40,000 hours. The company assigns overhead based on machine hours. Job No. 302 used 2,000 machine hours. Determine the amount of overhead to allocate to Job No. 302.
SOLUTION
2,000 hours x $4.00 = $8,000
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Predetermined Overhead Rate
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Work in Process Inventory 8,000
Manufacturing Overhead 8,000
Stanley Company produces specialized safety devices. For the year, manufacturing overhead costs are expected to be $160,000. Expected machine usage is 40,000 hours. The company assigns overhead based on machine hours. Job No. 302 used 2,000 machine hours. Prepare the entry to assign overhead to Job No. 302 on March 31.
SOLUTION
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Predetermined Overhead Rate
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When a job is completed, Wallace Company summarizes the costs and completes the lower portion of the applicable job cost sheet.
ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODS
ILLUSTRATION 15-14
Completed job cost sheet
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Prepare entries for manufacturing and service jobs completed and sold.
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Illustration: When a job is completed, Wallace makes an entry to transfer its total cost to finished goods inventory.
Jan. 31 Finished Goods Inventory 39,000
Work in Process Inventory 39,000
ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODS
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Illustration: On January 31 Wallace Manufacturing sells on account Job 101. The job cost $39,000, and it sold for $50,000. Entries to record the sale and recognize cost of goods sold are:
Jan. 31 Accounts Receivable 50,000
Sales revenue 50,000
Cost of Goods Sold 39,000
Finished Goods Inventory 39,000
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ASSIGNING COSTS TO COGS
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SUMMARY OF JOB ORDER COST FLOWS
ILLUSTRATION 15-15
Flow of costs in a job order cost system
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SUMMARY OF JOB ORDER COST FLOWS
ILLUSTRATION 15-16
Flow of documents in a job order cost system
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While service companies do not have inventory, the techniques of job order costing are still quite useful in many service-industry environments.
Consider, for example, the Mayo Clinic (health care), PricewaterhouseCoopers (accounting), and Goldman Sachs (investment banking).
These companies need to keep track of the cost of jobs performed for specific customers to evaluate the profitability of medical treatments, audits, or investment banking engagements.
Job Order Costing for Service Companies
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Advantages
More precise in assignment of costs to projects than process costing.
Provides more useful information for determining the profitability of particular projects and for estimating costs when preparing bids on future jobs.
Disadvantage
Requires a significant amount of data entry.
JOB ORDER COSTING
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During the current month, Onyx Corporation completed Job 109 and Job 112. Job 109 cost $19,000 and Job 112 costs $27,000. Job 112 was sold on account for $42,000. Journalize the entries for the completion of the two jobs and the sale of Job 112.
Finished Goods Inventory 46,000
Work in Process Inventory 46,000
Accounts Receivable 42,000
Sales Revenue 42,000
Cost of Goods Sold 27,000
Finished Goods Inventory 27,000
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DO IT!
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Completion and Sale of Jobs
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Shows manufacturing overhead applied rather than actual overhead costs.
Applied overhead is added to direct materials and direct labor to determine total manufacturing costs
ILLUSTRATION 15-17
Cost of goods manufactured
schedule
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Distinguish between under- and overapplied manufacturing overhead.
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Partial Income Statement
Cost of Goods Manufactured
ILLUSTRATION 15-18 Partial income statement
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A debit balance in manufacturing overhead means that overhead is underapplied.
A credit balance in manufacturing overhead means that overhead is overapplied.
UNDER- OR OVERAPPLIED OVERHEAD
ILLUSTRATION 15-19
Under- and overapplied overhead
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Any Year-End Balance in manufacturing overhead is eliminated by adjusting cost of goods sold.
Underapplied overhead is debited to COGS
Overapplied overhead is credited to COGS
UNDER- OR OVERAPPLIED OVERHEAD
Illustration: Wallace has a $2,500 credit balance in Manufacturing Overhead at December 31. The adjusting entry for the over-applied overhead is:
Dec. 31 Manufacturing Overhead 2,500
Cost of Good Sold 2,500
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For Karr Company, the predetermined overhead rate is 140% of direct labor cost. During the month, Karr incurred $90,000 of factory labor costs, of which $80,000 is direct labor and $10,000 is indirect labor. Actual overhead incurred was $119,000. Compute the amount of manufacturing overhead applied during the month. Determine the amount of under- or overapplied manufacturing overhead.
Manufacturing overhead applied
Underapplied manufacturing overhead
(140% x $80,000) = $112,000
($119,000 - $112,000) = $7,000
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Applied Manufacturing Overhead
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Copyright
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