Foundation of finance paper

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Foundations of Finance

Tenth Edition

Chapter 13

Dividend Policy and Internal Financing

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Learning Objectives

13.1 Describe the trade-off between paying dividends and retaining (reinvesting) firm profits.

13.2 Explain how dividend policy affects a company’s stock price.

13.3 Discuss the constraints on dividend policy, commonly used dividend policies, and payment procedures.

13.4 Describe why firms sometimes pay noncash dividends.

13.5 Distinguish between the use of cash dividends and share repurchases.

How Do Firms Distribute Firm Profits to Their Stockholders?

Dividends

Dividends are distribution from the firm’s assets to the shareholders.

Firms are not obligated to pay dividends or maintain a consistent policy with regard to dividends.

Dividends could be paid in cash or stocks.

Dividend Policy

A firm’s dividend policy includes two components:

Dividend payout ratio

Indicates amount of dividend paid relative to the company’s earnings.

Example: If dividend per share is $1 and earnings per share is $4, the payout ratio is 25 percent (1/4).

Stability of dividends over time

Dividend Policy Trade-Offs

If management has decided how much to invest and has chosen the debt-equity mix, the decision to pay a large dividend means retaining less of the firm’s profits. This means the firm will have to rely more on external equity financing.

Similarly, a smaller dividend payment will lead to less reliance on external financing.

Figure 13.1 Dividend-versus-Retention Trade-Offs

Does Dividend Policy Matter to Stockholders?

Three Views

There are three basic views with regard to the impact of dividend policy on share prices:

Dividend policy is irrelevant.

High dividends will increase share prices.

Low dividends will increase share prices.

Dividend policy is irrelevant.

Irrelevance implies shareholder wealth is not affected by dividend policy (whether the firm pays 0 percent or 100 percent of its earnings as dividends).

This view is based on two assumptions:

(a) Perfect capital markets

(b) Firm’s investment and borrowing decisions have been made and will not be altered by dividend payment.

High dividends increase stock value.

This position in based on “bird-in-the-hand dividend theory,” which argues that investors may prefer “dividend today” because it is less risky compared to “uncertain future capital gains.”

This implies a higher required rate for discounting a dollar of capital gain than a dollar of dividends.

Low dividends increase stock values.

Tax rates on capital gains and dividends range from 0 percent to 20 percent, depending on recipient’s income and tax bracket.

However, current dividends are taxed immediately, while the tax on capital gains can be deferred until the stock is actually sold. Thus, using present value of money, capital gains have definite financial advantage for shareholders.

Thus stocks that allow tax deferral (i.e., low dividends and high capital gains) will possibly sell at a premium relative to stocks that require current taxation (i.e., high dividends and low capital gains).

Some Other Explanations

The Residual Dividend Theory

Clientele Effect

The Information Effect

Agency Costs

The Expectations Theory

Residual Dividend Theory

Determine the optimal capital budget.

Determine the amount of equity needed for financing.

First, use retained earnings to supply this equity.

If retained earnings still available, distribute the residual as dividends.

Dividend policy will be influenced

(a) investment opportunities or capital budgeting needs, and

(b) availability of internally generated capital.

The Clientele Effect

Different groups of investors have varying preferences toward dividends.

For example, some investors may prefer a fixed income stream so would prefer firms with high dividends, while some investors, such as wealthy investors, would prefer to defer taxes and will be drawn to firms that have low dividend payout. Thus, there will be a clientele effect.

The Information Effect

Evidence shows that a large, unexpected change in dividends can have a significant impact on the stock prices.

A firm’s dividend policy may be seen as a signal about firm’s financial condition. Thus, high dividend could signal expectations of high earnings in the future and vice versa.

Agency Costs

The separation of management and the ownership of the firm creates an agency problem. Managers may make decisions that are not consistent with the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth.

Dividend policy may be perceived as a tool to minimize agency costs.

How so?

Agency Costs

Dividend policy may be perceived as a tool to minimize agency costs.

Dividend payment may require managers to issue stock to finance new investments. New investors will be attracted only if they are convinced that the capital will be used profitably. Thus, payment of dividends indirectly monitors management’s investment activities and helps reduce agency costs and may enhance the value of the firm.

The Expectations Theory

Expectation theory suggests that the market reaction does not only reflect response to the firms actions, it also indicates investors’ expectations about the ultimate decision to be made by management.

Thus, if the amount of dividend paid is equal to the dividend expected by shareholders, the market price of stock will remain unchanged. However, market will react if dividend payment is not consistent with shareholders expectations.

Thus, deviation from expectations is more important than actual dividend payment.

Conclusions on Dividend Policy (1 of 2)

What are we to conclude?

Here are some conclusions about the relevance of dividend policy:

As a firm’s investment opportunities increase, its dividend payout ratio should decrease.

Investors use the dividend payment as a source of information of expected earnings.

Conclusions on Dividend Policy (2 of 2)

Relationship between stock prices and dividends may exist due to implications of dividends for taxes and agency costs.

Based on expectations theory, firms should avoid surprising investors with regard to dividend policy.

The firm’s dividend policy should effectively be treated as a long-term residual.

The Dividend Decision in Practice (1 of 3)

The Dividend Decision in Practice (2 of 3)

Legal Restrictions

Statutory restrictions may prevent a company from paying dividends.

Debt and preferred stock contracts may impose constraints on dividend policy.

Liquidity Constraints

A firm may show a large amount of retained earnings, but it must have cash to pay dividends.

The Dividend Decision in Practice (3 of 3)

Earnings Predictability

A firms with stable and predictable earnings is more likely to pay larger dividends.

Maintaining Ownership Control

Ownership of common stock gives voting rights. If existing stockholders are unable to participate in a new offering, control of current stockholders is diluted and issuing new stock will be considered unattractive.

Alternative Dividend Policies (1 of 2)

Constant dividend payout ratio

The percentage of earnings paid out in dividends is held constant.

Because earnings are not constant, the dollar amount of dividend will vary every year.

Alternative Dividend Policies (2 of 2)

Stable dollar dividend per share

This policy maintains a relatively constant dollar of dividend every year.

Management will increase the dollar amount only if they are convinced that such increase can be maintained.

A small regular dividend plus a year-end extra

The company follows the policy of paying a small, regular dividend plus a year-end extra dividend in prosperous years.

Dividend Payment Procedures

Generally, companies pay dividends on a quarterly basis. The final approval of a dividend payment comes from the firm’s board of directors.

For example, on February 6, 2018, Emerson Electric Company (EMR) announced that it would pay quarterly dividend of $0.49 each to its shareholders for the first quarter of 2018. The annual dividend would be $0.49×4 = $1.96 per share.

Important Dates

Declaration date

The date when the dividend is formally declared by the board of directors (for example, February 6)

Date of record

Investors shown to own stocks on this date receive the dividend (February 16)

Ex-dividend date

Two working days prior to date of record (for example, February 15). Shareholders buying stock on or after ex-dividend date will not receive dividends.

Payment date

The date when dividend checks are mailed (for example, March 9)

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits

https://www.marketwatch.com/story/airlines-and-boeing-want-a-bailout-but-look-how-much-theyve-spent-on-stock-buybacks-2020-03-18

Stock Dividends

A stock dividend entails the distribution of additional shares of stock in lieu of cash payment.

While the number of common stock outstanding increases, the firm’s investments and future earnings prospects do not change.

Stock Splits

A stock split involves exchanging more (or less in the case of “reverse” split) shares of stock for firm’s outstanding shares.

Although the number of common stock outstanding increases (or decreases in the case of reverse split), the firm’s investments and future earnings prospects do not change.

Stock splits and stock dividends are far less frequent than cash dividends.

Stock Repurchases

Stock Repurchases (Stock Buyback)

A stock repurchase (stock buyback) occurs when a firm repurchases its own stock. This results in a reduction in the number of shares outstanding.

From shareholder’s perspective, a stock repurchase has potential tax advantage as opposed to cash dividends.

Stock Repurchase—Benefits

A means of providing an internal investment opportunity

An approach for modifying the firm’s capital structure

A favorable impact on earnings per share

The elimination of a minority ownership group of stockholders

The minimization of the dilution in earnings per share associated with mergers

The reduction in the firm’s costs associated with servicing small stockholders

Investor’s Preference: Dividend or Stock Repurchases

If there are no taxes, no commission when trading stocks, and no information content assigned to a dividend, the investor should be indifferent.

A Share Repurchase as a Dividend, Financing, Investment Decision

When a firm repurchases stock when it has excess cash, it can be regarded as a dividend decision.

If a firm issues debt and then repurchases stock, it alters the debt-equity mix and thus can be regarded as a financing or capital structure decision.

If a firm repurchases stock because it feels the prices are depressed, the decision to repurchase may be seen as an investment decision. Of course, no company can survive or prosper by investing only its own stock!

Stock Repurchase Procedure

Open Market

Shares are acquired from a stockbroker at the current market price.

Tender Offer

An offer is made by the company to buy a specified number of shares at a predetermined price, set above the current market price.

Purchase

Is made from one or more major stockholders

Key Terms (1 of 3)

Agency costs

Bird-in-the-hand dividend theory

Clientele effect

Constant dividend payout ratio

Date of record

Declaration date

Dividend payout ratio

Ex-dividend date

Key Terms (2 of 3)

Expectations theory

Information asymmetry

Payment date

Perfect capital markets

Residual dividend theory

Small, regular dividend plus a year-end extra

Stable dollar dividend per share

Key Terms (3 of 3)

Stock dividend

Stock repurchase (stock buyback)

Stock split

Tender offer

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