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Ch12.pptCHAPTER 12
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Questions and Answers:
A Guide to Fitness and Wellness 3rd Edition
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COMING UP IN THIS CHAPTER
- Discover the major types of infectious organisms and your body’s defenses against disease
- Learn about common infections—means of transmission, symptoms, and treatments
- Understand common sexually transmitted infections
- Take steps to prevent infections and limit their impact
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Infections and Immunity
- Infectious diseases: diseases that can be passed to or among people
- Colds
- Flu
- Bronchitis
- Mononucleosis
- Sexually transmissible infections
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Q
Pathogens
- Infections are caused by pathogens: disease-causing agents that can be passed among people
- The most prevalent type of pathogens are bacteria and viruses
- Microbes or microorganisms
- Infections can also be caused by larger organisms like lice or parasitic worms
- Infestations
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What causes infectious diseases?
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Pathogens
- Many microbes live in a healthy human body and are needed to keep the body functioning normally
- They can cause illness if they gain entry into a part of the body that is normally microbe-free
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Thrush
- Infection versus disease
- Symptoms or asymptomatic
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Q
Pathogens
- Pathogens vary in their virulence: the ability to cause intense or severe symptoms
- They affect different parts of the body
- i.e., small area of skin vs. in bloodstream
- The amount of pathogen initially exposed to can have an influence
- The health status of the person is also significant
- Strength of immune system
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Why are some infections more serious than others?
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FIGURE 12-1 PATHOGENS, EFFECTS, AND ASSOCIATED DISEASES
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Q
The Cycle of Infection
- The pathogen must gain entry into the host’s body and start to replicate and cause symptoms
- Transmission requires:
- A source of pathogens
- A susceptible host
- A mode of transmission
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How do you actually catch an infectious disease?
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The Cycle of Infection
- Source of pathogens:
- Infectious agents can come from another person, an animal, water, or even soil
- Reservoir: body of individual already affected
- Susceptible host:
- People are more susceptible to infection if:
- Their immune system is weak
- Children, elderly, those with underlying health issues
- A natural physical defense is compromised
- A cut in the skin
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The Cycle of Infection
- Mode of transmission:
- Different pathogens have different modes of transmission
- Directly, indirectly: cold virus
- Airborne: flu
- Vector: malaria, Lyme disease
- Transmitted through insects or animals
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The Body’s Defenses
- We are each born with a specific capacity to resist certain diseases
- There is little consistency from one person to the next
- Built-in defenses:
- The skin
- The mouth, nostrils, eyelids, lungs, and genitals are all lined with mucous membranes
- Chemical barriers, including those in the acids, proteins, and enzymes of the digestive tract
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How do I get my resistance to disease?
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Q
The Immune System
- The immune system responds and defends the body from disease-causing agents
- Immune cells recognize foreign substances
- Antigens
- Trigger immune response when recognizing a pathogen
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How do I develop my immunity?
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The Immune System
- Some immune cells move to the site of infection and “eat” invading microbes
- May cause pain and swelling
- If infection persists, the immune system produces antibodies
- A low-grade fever (100°F or less) may develop to fight infection
- Makes host less hospitable for the pathogen
- Specialized “memory” cells may be produced to provide immunity to that pathogen
- Immunity can also be acquired through vaccination
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The Immune System
- One sign of the immune response is swollen lymph glands or nodes
- Lymphatic system
- Network of vessels and organs
- Return fluid lost from capillaries to circulatory system
- Plays key role in defense against invading pathogens
- Activates and transports infection-fighting cells
- Swollen lymph glands indicate an active response to an infection
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FIGURE 12-2 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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The Role of Immunizations
- Vaccines strengthen the immune system by preparing the body to fight infection
- They create immunity against infections you have not previously had
- Made from killed, weakened, or incomplete pathogens
- No vaccine is completely effective
- Boosters may be needed
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Can vaccines weaken my immune system?
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FIGURE 12-3 RECOMMENDED IMMUNIZATIONS
FOR ADULTS
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Q
Stages and Patterns of Infectious Diseases
- Acute infections are most likely to cure on their own or cure quickly with treatment
- They are characterized by a short duration and a typical series of stages:
- Incubation: time between infection and symptoms
- Prodrome: general appearance of symptoms
- Illness: symptoms become more severe
- Convalescence: recovery
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Can infections be cured?
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Stages and Patterns of Infectious Diseases
- Infections can also follow other patterns
- Chronic infection
- Illness persists or recurs over a long period
- Latent infection
- Pathogen lies dormant but retains the ability to replicate
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FIGURE 12-4 STAGES AND PATTERNS OF INFECTIONS
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Q
Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
- Keep pathogens out of your body
- Wash hands often!
- Avoid people who are sneezing and coughing; cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing
- Maintain a strong immune system
- Eat a healthy diet; get plenty of sleep and exercise
- Avoid smoking and excessive drinking
- Control stress and maintain mental health
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How can I keep from getting sick?
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FIGURE 12-5 HAND-WASHING GUIDELINES
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FIGURE 12-6 MENTAL HEALTH AND RISK OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
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Q
Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
- Antibiotics primarily fight bacterial infections but may be prescribed to fight certain fungi and parasites
- They do not work against infections caused by viruses
- Bacteria can develop resistance to a drug’s effects
- The more you take antibiotics, the more you increase the chance of resistance
- They can have side effects
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I’m confused about antibiotics—when do they really work?
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Q
Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
- This depends on the type of pathogen, the severity of the infection, and the person’s underlying health status
- Some don’t need to be treated
- Symptoms can be treated
- Over-the-counter medications
- Antimicrobials, antibiotics
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How are infections treated?
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Infectious Diseases on Campus:
Colds and Influenza
- Colds and influenza
- Caused by viruses and have similar symptoms
- Influenza is the more serious disease; colds are
more common - Hundreds of viruses can cause the common cold
- Transmitted primarily by indirect contact
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How do you tell if you have a cold or
the flu?
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Infectious Diseases on Campus:
Colds and Influenza
- Influenza viruses are more likely to be transmitted through respiratory droplets
- Symptoms usually come on quickly and include:
- Fever
- Body aches
- Severe fatigue
- Influenza carries a greater risk of serious complications
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TABLE 12-1 IS IT A COLD OR THE FLU?
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Q
Infectious Diseases on Campus:
Colds and Influenza
- College students benefit from the influenza vaccine
- The influenza infection can spread easily in a campus setting
- It is important to take a type-specific vaccine
- The vaccination is reformulated each year to target strains most likely to be circulating
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Does getting a flu shot really help prevent the flu?
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Infectious Diseases on Campus: Infectious Mononucleosis
- Mononucleosis (“mono”) is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpes family of viruses
- Transmitted through saliva: “kissing disease”
- Symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen glands,
and fatigue - EBV is a Latent infection
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Does mono only come from kissing?
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Q
Infectious Diseases on Campus:
Meningitis
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
- Symptoms: high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to bright light
- Two kinds:
- Viral: resolves on own in 7–10 days
- Bacterial: very serious; can cause disability or death
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What is that serious infection that causes a stiff neck?
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Infectious Diseases on Campus:
Bacterial Skin Infections
- MRSA is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics
- It is a major agent of skin infections
- Risk factors: crowded living conditions; contaminated items and surfaces
- Dorms, athletic facilities, military barracks, daycares
- Symptoms: red, swollen, painful lumps that look like boils or insect bites
- May spread: swollen glands, fever
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What is MRSA?
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TABLE 12-2 COMMON INFECTIONS:
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENTS
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TABLE 12-2 COMMON INFECTIONS:
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENTS (CONTINUED)
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common types of infections in the United States
- Spread through person-to-person sexual contact
- Half of all new infections in people aged 15–24
- Some can be treated and cured, others are chronic, incurable, and even life threatening
- All are preventable
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Women are more likely to have STIs and experience complications from them
- Women’s cervix is covered with cells that are particularly susceptible
- STIs cause more serious problems in women, including infertility
- Many STIs are asymptomatic
- Anyone who is sexually active can have an STI
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Do women get more STIs than men?
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Sexually Transmitted Infections: HPV
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV)—genital warts
- Most common STI in U.S.; asymptomatic in many
- Complications can still develop; and it can still be transmitted to sexual partners
- Warts can be treated, but there is no treatment for the underlying viral infection
- Primary complication is cervical cancer
- Detected through Pap tests
- Two vaccines: Cervarix and Gardasil
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What’s the most common sexually transmitted infection?
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Chlamydia
- Chlamydia is a bacterial infection transmitted during sex or from an infected mother to the baby during birth
- About 70% of infected people have no symptoms
- Symptoms: painful urination and abnormal discharge
- If untreated can cause serious infections of the fallopian tubes in women and the urethra and epididymis in men
- Those 25 and younger who are sexually active should be checked annually
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How often should I get checked for chlamydia?
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections: PID
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)—an infection and inflammation of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and reproductive organs in women
- Usually the result of chlamydia or gonorrhea
- May be asymptomatic or have severe symptoms like fever and pain
- Early antibiotic treatment is crucial
- Can cause damage to reproductive organs, infertility
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If I have chlamydia, does that mean I also have PID?
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Syphilis
- Syphilis is a bacterial infection transmitted through infected skin and mucous membranes in the genitals, lips, mouth, and anus
- It can be passed from mother to infant during pregnancy: congenital syphilis
- Multistage STD
- Primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
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How many stages of syphilis are there?
More…
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Sexually Transmitted Infections: Syphilis
- Primary syphilis: painless sore (chancre) that disappears within 3–6 weeks
- Full of bacteria that can be spread, but can go unnoticed
- Secondary syphilis: develops in 2–10 weeks
- Most common symptom: non-itchy skin rash on palms of hands and soles of feet
- Other symptoms include: swollen glands, headache, fatigue, sore throat, and hair loss
- Symptoms usually disappear without treatment,
but may recur
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Sexually Transmitted Infections: Syphilis
- Latent syphilis: develops in untreated cases
- Symptoms disappear, but bacteria remains in the body
- Can still infect others, but risk fades over time
- Tertiary syphilis: develops in a small percentage of cases
- Syphilis bacteria cause organ damage, mental illness, heart disease, blindness, and death
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Herpes
- Not everyone has herpes, but it is common
- Genital herpes can be caused by:
- Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1)
- Generally infects the lips and mouth, producing cold sores, can cause genital herpes if transmitted through oral sex
- Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV 2)
- Responsible for genital herpes
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Does everyone have herpes?
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Sexually Transmitted Infections: Herpes
- Herpes symptoms:
- Sores at the site of entry into the body
- Herpes is a latent viral infection
- There is no treatment or cure for genital herpes
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TABLE 12-4 PREVALENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 AS MEASURED BY BLOOD TESTS
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Viral Hepatitis
- Viral hepatitis: inflammation of the liver caused by infection with one of the hepatitis viruses
- Hepatitis A virus: transmitted through food
and water - Usually resolves on its own
- A vaccine is available
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Are herpes and HIV the only incurable STIs?
More…
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Sexually Transmitted Infections: Viral Hepatitis
- Hepatitis B virus: transmitted through sexual contact, blood, and saliva
- Acute symptoms include jaundice
- Chronic hepatitis may have no symptoms
- It may cause liver damage, cancer
- There is a vaccine available
- Hepatitis C virus: primarily transmitted through blood
- Most new infections caused by injection drug use
- Can become chronic
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Sexually Transmitted Infections: HIV Infection and AIDS
- HIV is very prevalent in the United States
and worldwide - In the U.S., someone is infected with HIV every
10 minutes, and someone dies from HIV/AIDS every 45 minutes - Worldwide, 7,400 people are infected every day, half of them under age 25
- HIV is not equally distributed across the U.S. population
- Higher rates among man and African Americans
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FIGURE 12-7 ESTIMATED RATES OF DIAGNOSIS OF HIV INFECTION AMONG U.S. ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS BY SEX AND RACE/ETHNICITY
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the infectious agent that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- HIV is a pathogen
- Destroys CD4+ T cells, which are critical for fighting infection
- AIDS is late stage of HIV infection
- Diagnosed when an opportunistic infection develops
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Is there a difference between HIV and AIDS?
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Condom use does not completely eliminate risk, but it greatly reduces HIV transmission
- HIV is spread by:
- Unprotected sex
- Having multiple sex partners
- The presence of other sexually transmitted infections
- Sharing needles or other equipment used to prepare illicit drugs or injections
- Being born to an infected mother
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Do condoms help prevent HIV infection?
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FIGURE 12-8 TRANSMISSION ROUTES AMONG U.S. ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS DIAGNOSED WITH AIDS
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Symptoms during the acute phase may include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, and enlarged lymph nodes
- Typically resolve with no treatment and may be attributed to something else
- HIV in the acute phase is highly infectious
- Following the acute phase, HIV is asymptomatic
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What are symptoms of HIV and AIDS?
More…
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
- The late stages of HIV infection are
characterized by: - Rapid weight loss
- Extreme fatigue
- Sores in the mouth or genitals
- Neurological disorders
- Opportunistic infections of full-blown AIDS include pneumonia, liver disease, cancer, and unusual infections
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Blood tests detect antibodies within 2–8 weeks of infection
- 97% of infections can be detected within 3 months
- OraQuick over-the-counter test can yield results in a few minutes
- Federal guidelines recommend routine HIV testing for Americans aged 13–64
- For high risk persons, annual testing is recommended
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How long do you have to wait to find out if you have HIV?
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Q
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- With treatment, people can survive many years or even decades with an HIV infection
- Antiviral drugs can suppress the virus
- The development of a vaccine is challenging
- HIV attacks the immune system, the cells that need to be activated by a vaccine
- Microbicides kill microbes or reduce their ability to cause infection
- Vaginal application
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How long until someone with HIV dies?
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TABLE 12-3 STIs IN THE UNITED STATES:
A SNAPSHOT
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