speech hw 11
dhyaa22
Ch11Delivery.pptxChapter 11
SPEAK
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Practicing Delivery
In this chapter, you will learn the characteristics and elements of effective delivery: use of voice and use of body. You will also learn about the three types of speech delivery and the settings in which each is most appropriate. Finally, you will learn a process for rehearsing your speech that will prepare you to deliver it in a dynamic, conversational style.
12/17/2015 3:10 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
1
The mind is
© 2011 Cengage Learning
There are always three speeches, for every one you actually gave. The one you practiced, the one you gave, and the one you wish you gave. ~ Dale Carnegie
Learning Outcomes:
1. What are the characteristics of effective delivery?
2. What can you do to use your voice effectively as you deliver your speech?
3. What can you do to use your body effectively as you deliver your speech?
4. Why and how should you rehearse your speech?
Action Step 6 - Practice Oral Language and Delivery Style
Practice until delivery is conversational, intelligible, and expressive.
Practice integrating presentational aids until you can do so smoothly and confidently.
Continue practicing until you can deliver your speech extemporaneously within the time limit.
12/17/2015 3:10 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
2
Delivery Is…
© 2011 Cengage Learning
how a message is communicated orally and visually through your use of voice and body.
Delivery is how a message is communicated orally and visually through your use of voice and body.
Your delivery style is communicated through your nonverbal behaviors (all speech elements other than the words themselves).
Effective delivery is both conversational and animated. A conversational style allows each member of your audience to feel as if you are talking with him or her rather than speaking at the group. When your delivery is animated or lively, you create excitement about what you are saying so it is easier for your audience to pay attention. Your speech content is conveyed through language. Your delivery style, however, is conveyed through your nonverbal behaviors.
Nonverbal elements of communication include your use of voice (e.g., pitch, volume, rate, quality, articulation, pronunciation, and pauses) and use of body (e.g., facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, body language, and even appearance).
3
Characteristics of an Effective Delivery Style
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Use a conversational style
Be animated
Characteristics of an Effective Delivery Style:
Use a conversational style, meaning that you sound spontaneous (natural) and relaxed.
Be animated—lively, energetic and enthusiastic.
Spontaneity is the ability to sound natural as you speak—as though you are really thinking about the ideas and getting them across to the audience as you speak. The secret to developing a conversational style is to learn the ideas of your speech rather than trying to memorize every word.
You can be conversational and animated at the same time by focusing on conveying the passion you feel about your topic through your voice and body. I
4
Effective Use of Voice
Vary vocal characteristics
pitch, volume, rate, quality
Speak intelligibly
articulation, pronunciation, accent
Use vocal expressiveness
Avoid monotone
Use stresses & pauses effectively
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Effective Use of Voice:
Vary vocal characteristics:
Pitch is the highness or lowness of the sounds produced in your larynx by the size and vibration of your vocal cords.
Volume is how loudly or softly you speak.
Rate is the speed at which you talk.
Quality is the tone or timbre of your voice and what distinguishes it from the voices of others.
Speak intelligibly which means to be understandable. Appropriate volume is the key to intelligibility. The rate at which you speak can also impact how intelligible your message is.
Articulation (using the tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement, and lips to shape vocalized sounds)
Pronunciation, and problems with accent (the inflection, tone, and speech habits typical of native speakers of a language) can affect how intelligible your message is.
Vocal expressiveness by changing your pitch, volume, and rate, stressing certain words; and using pauses strategically. A total lack of vocal expressiveness produces a monotone—a voice in which the pitch, volume, and rate remain constant, with no word, idea, or sentence differing significantly in sound from any other.
Important ideas can also be marked by stresses (emphasis placed on certain words by speaking them more loudly than the rest of the sentence) and pauses (strategically placed moments of silence).
Exhibit 11.1 (page 146) display words that are commonly mispronounced
12/17/2015 3:10 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
5
Effective Use of Body
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Effective Use of Body:
Maintaining eye contact helps audiences concentrate on the speech, bolsters ethos, and helps you gauge audience reaction to your speech.
Facial expressions are the eye and mouth movements that convey your personableness and good character (bolstering ethos) and can help you animate your speech (bolstering pathos).
Gestures, the movements of your hands, arms, and fingers, can also help intelligibility and expressiveness.
Motivated movement, movement with a specific purpose such as emphasizing an important idea, referencing a presentational aid, or clarifying macrostructure.
Posture refers to the position or bearing with which you hold your body. In speeches, an upright stance and squared shoulders communicate a sense of competence and confidence, which enhances your ethos.
Poise is a graceful and controlled use of the body that gives the impression that you are self-assured, calm, and dignified.
Professional appearance sends important messages about a speaker’s commitment to the topic and occasion, as well as the speaker’s credibility (ethos). Dress a bit more formally than you expect your listeners to dress, consider your topic and purpose, and avoid “extreme” fashion statements.
6
Exhibit 11.2 Common hand gestures used by speakers
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Exhibit 11.2 (page 149)
You can use gestures as you speak to describe or emphasize what you are saying, refer to presentational aids, or clarify structures. This exhibit shows some of the most common gestures used by speakers.
#1 – the supine hand with palm upward to express good humor, frankness & generalization
#2 – The prone hand with palm downward to show superposition or the resting of one thing upon another.
#3 – The vertical hand with palm outward to indicate warding off, putting from, or a disagreeable thought.
7
Exhibit 11.2 Common hand gestures used by speakers
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Exhibit 11.2 (page 149)
You can use gestures as you speak to describe or emphasize what you are saying, refer to presentational aids, or clarify structures. This exhibit shows some of the most common gestures used by speakers.
#4 – The clenched hand to reinforce anger or defiance or to emphasize an important point.
#5 – The index finger to specialize or reinforce the first in a sequence of events.
8
Delivery Methods
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Impromptu
Scripted speeches
Extemporaneous speeches
Speeches vary in the amount of content preparation and the amount of practice you do ahead of time. The three most common delivery methods are impromptu, scripted, and extemporaneous.
Delivery Methods:
Impromptu Speeches: delivered with little or no advance notice for preparation (employment interviews & performance reviews, remarks at business meetings, statements to the media).In each situation, having practiced organizing ideas quickly and conveying them both intelligibly and expressively will bolster your ethos and help you succeed.
Scripted Speeches – delivered by reading or memorizing a written copy. Because of the time and skill required to effectively prepare and deliver a scripted speech, they are usually reserved for important occasions that have important consequences. Political speeches, keynote addresses at conventions, commencement addresses, and CEO remarks at annual stockholder meetings are examples of occasions when a scripted speech might be appropriate.
Extemporaneous speeches are the easiest to give effectively. When speaking extemporaneously, you are able to prepare your thoughts ahead of time and to have notes to prompt you. Yet unlike scripted speeches, extemporaneous speeches do not require as lengthy a preparation and practice process to be effective.
9
Rehearsal
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Rehearsing is the process of practicing your speech aloud. You can rehearse effectively by:
Preparing speaking notes
Handling presentational aids
Rehearsing & refining delivery
All speakers should practice their speeches out loud. Rehearsal gives you time to revise, evaluate, and mull over all aspects of the speech. Inexperienced speakers often believe they are ready to present the speech once they have finished their outline.
In general, try to complete the outline at least three days before you are scheduled to present it to give yourself sufficient time to practice, revise, evaluate, and practice your speech again.
10
Exhibit 11.3 Timetable for Preparing a Speech
© 2011 Cengage Learning
This exhibit 11.3 provides a useful timetable for preparing and practicing your speech.
11
Preparing Speaking Notes
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Speaking notes are a key-word outline of your speech, including data such as quotations and statistics as well as delivery cues.
Preparing speaking notes:
provides you with prompts as you speak
helps cement the flow of the speech in your mind
makes you think about key ideas and phrasing
To develop your notes, begin by reducing your speech outline to an abbreviated outline of key phrases and words. Then, if there are details you must cite exactly—such as a specific example, quotation, or set of statistics—add these in the appropriate places.
Making speaking notes not only provides you with prompts when you are speaking, but it also helps in two other ways. First, the act of compiling the speaking notes helps to cement the flow of the speech’s ideas in your mind. Second, as you prepare your notes, think about key ideas and phrasings. Notes don’t include all the developmental material.
12
Exhibit 11.4 Presentation Note Card Example
© 2011 Cengage Learning
The exhibit shows a speaker’s notes for her complete outline.
For a three- to five-minute speech, you will need no more than three 3- by 5-inch note cards to record your speaking notes. For longer speeches, you might need one card for the introduction, one for each main point, and one for the conclusion.
Exhibit 11.4 (page 153) gives a full example of speech notes.
Your speaking notes should indicate exactly where you will reveal and conceal each presentational aid. Practice sharing each aid only when you are talking about it; conceal it when it is no longer needed.
If possible, practice your speech in the space where you will give your speech, so that you can ensure that everyone can see your aids. If this isn’t possible, arrive early enough on speech day so you can practice quickly.
Remember to keep your focus on the audience, not on your presentational aid. Also, avoid passing around objects in the audience, as this will take their focus off of you and your message.
Handling Presentational Aids:
Guidelines for Using Presentational Aids
Carefully plan when to use the presentational aids.
Consider audience needs carefully.
Share a presentational aid only when talking about it.
Display presentational aids so that everyone in the audience can see and hear them.
Talk to your audience, not to the presentational aid.
Resist the temptation to pass objects through the audience.
13
First Practice
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Record the practice session
Read through the sentence outline once or twice to refresh your memory
Make the practice as similar to the public speaking situation as possible
Write down the time you begin
Begin speaking
Write down the time you finish
During practice sessions, you have three goals: (1) Practice language choices so they are appropriate, accurate, clear, and vivid. (2) Practice your speech aloud until your voice and body convey your ideas conversationally, intelligibly, and expressively. (3) Practice using presentational aids.
As part of each practice, you will want to analyze how well it went and set goals for the next practice session.
First Practice
Record the practice session.
Read through the sentence outline once or twice to refresh your memory.
Make the practice as similar to the public speaking situation as possible.
Write down the time you begin.
Begin speaking.
Write down the time you finish.
Analysis & Additional Practice
Watch & listen to your recorded performance while reviewing your complete outline.
Then immediately repeat the six steps listed for the first practice.
Additional practice sessions will also likely be helpful.
Ask yourself the following questions after your first practice:
Did you leave out any key ideas?
Did you talk too long on any one point and not long enough on another?
Did you clarify each of your points?
Did you adapt to your anticipated audience? (If you had a friend or relative listen to your practices, have him or her help with your analysis.)
Were your note cards effective?
How well did you do with your presentational aids?
14
Adapting to Listeners as You Speak: The Rhetorical Situation
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Be aware of & respond to audience feedback
Correct yourself when you misspeak
Adapt to unexpected events
Adapt to unexpected audience reactions
Handle questions respectfully
You must be prepared to adapt to your audience and possibly change course a bit as you give your speech. Remember that your primary goal as a public speaker is to generate shared understanding with your listeners, so pay attention to the audience’s feedback as you speak and adjust accordingly.
15
© 2011 Cengage Learning
It takes one hour of preparation for each minute of presentation time. ~ Wayne Burgraff
16
