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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH,
WELLNESS, AND FITNESS
Questions and Answers:
A Guide to Fitness and Wellness 3rd Edition
COMING UP IN THIS CHAPTER
- Define health, wellness, and fitness
- Examine the dimensions of wellness
- Survey the major health challenges affecting Americans, as well as their underlying causes and risk factors
- Identify key healthy-lifestyle behaviors
- Assess your personal wellness status
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Q
Evolving Definitions of Health
- There are no universally accepted definitions
- Health comes from the Old English word hoelth
- “A state of being sound and whole”
- WHO definition: emphasizes idea that health is more than just the absence of disease
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I haven’t been sick in over a year.
Can I rate myself as healthy?
Q
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Evolving Definitions of Health
- Health: a condition with multiple dimensions that falls on a continuum from negative to positive
- Negative: illness and premature death
- Positive: capacity to enjoy life and withstand
life’s challenges
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FIGURE 1-1 THE HEALTH CONTINUUM
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Q
Actively Working Toward Wellness
- Wellness: more personalized concept than health
- Key characteristics of wellness:
- Clearly defined dimensions
- Active process
- Individual responsibility and choice are critical components
- Reflects status of one’s perceptions of their own health and well-being
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Are health and wellness the same?
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Q
Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- Six dimensions in our wellness:
- Physical
- Emotional
- Intellectual
- Social
- Spiritual
- Environmental
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Can you be physically unfit but still be happy and social at the same time?
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- PHYSICAL WELLNESS
- The complete physical condition and functioning of the body
- Both the visible aspects, such as how fit one looks, and those that are not, such as blood pressure and bone density
- Reflected in your ability to accomplish your daily activities and to care for yourself
- Regular physical activity and healthy eating are the foundation behaviors of physical wellness, but they are just a beginning
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Emotional- accept feelings; not defeated by setbacks and failures; able to control and deal with anger
Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- Ask yourself these questions:
- Do I get enough sleep?
- Do I use alcohol and drugs responsibly?
- Do I make intentional and responsible sexual choices?
- Do I use sunscreen?
- Do I practice safe driving?
- Do I manage injuries and illnesses appropriately, practice self-care, and seek medical assistance when necessary?
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- Physical fitness: the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies
- Closely relates to wellness and quality of life but also has measurable components
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- For physical wellness, one should strive for a fitness level that meets one’s goals for daily functioning and recreational pursuits
- Physical fitness usually requires exercise: planned, structured, repetitive body movements
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FIGURE 1-2 THE RISK OF DYING PREMATURELY DECLINES AS PEOPLE BECOME PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- EMOTIONAL WELLNESS
- One’s ability to manage and express emotions in constructive and appropriate ways
- Be aware of your thoughts and feelings
- Monitor your reactions
- Recognize strengths and limitations
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- Qualities associated with emotional wellness:
- Optimism
- Enthusiasm
- Trust
- Self-confidence
- Self-acceptance
- Resiliency
- Self-esteem
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- INTELLECTUAL WELLNESS
- The ability to think logically and solve problems in order to meet life’s challenges successfully
- An active and engaged mind
- People who enjoy a high level of intellectual wellness are creative, open to new ideas, and motivated to learn new information and new skills
- Actively seek ways to challenge their minds and pursue intellectual growth
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Health-behavior gap- Acting on accepted principles of wellness and assuming responsibility for eliminating the discrepancy between knowledge and behavior
Locus of control- a person’s view or attitude about his/her role in wellness and illness; can be internal or external
Self-efficacy- a person’s belief in his/her ability to accomplish a specific task or behavior
Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- SOCIAL WELLNESS
- The ability to develop and maintain positive, healthy, satisfying interpersonal relationships
and appropriate support networks - Family
- Friends
- Community
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- SPIRITUAL WELLNESS
- Having a set of guiding beliefs, principles, or values that provide meaning and direction in life
- Compassion, forgiveness, altruism,
tolerance, love - Sense of belonging to something greater than oneself
- Sometimes considered a controversial part
of wellness models, but essential to overall
well-being
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Spiritual- includes developing a strong sense of values, ethics, and morals; overlaps with the emotional component; does not adhere to any particular religious structure
Examples: yoga, dance therapy, music therapy, art therapy, prayer and mental healing
Social- ability to maintain intimacy; respect and tolerance for different opinions and beliefs
Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- ENVIRONMENTAL WELLNESS
- One’s wellness and the condition
and livability of one’s surroundings
are interdependent - Your own wellness depends on your surroundings
- The environment could support your wellness or detract from it
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Discovering
Dimensions of Wellness
- OTHER WELLNESS DIMENSIONS
- Financial wellness
- Appropriate management of financial resources, a task that typically requires self-discipline and critical thinking skills
- Occupational wellness
- Satisfaction, fulfillment, and enrichment obtained through work
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Q
Integrating the Dimensions: Recognizing
the Connections and Striving for Balance
- To improve wellness, you must integrate all the dimensions of wellness with the personal choices that affect your health and well-being
- Don’t focus on a few dimensions and neglect
the others
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If you change your behavior for fitness, will that help other areas of your life too?
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FIGURE 1-3 WELLNESS INTEGRATOR
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Q
Measures of Health and Wellness
- There is no single best measure of health
- How long do people live?
- How well do they live?
- What do they die from?
- What are the rates of specific diseases and injuries?
- How much money is spent on health care?
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By what standards is health measured?
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Q
Measures of Health and Wellness
- Life expectancy: the average number of years people born in a given year are expected to live
- It depends on your age, location, and current
health status - Life expectancy has increased dramatically
- U.S. ranked 51st overall in life expectancy
- Why do people live longer than they used to?
- Vaccinations, hygiene, less tobacco use, vehicle safety
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What are the chances of living to 100?
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Q
Measures of Health and Wellness
- In the developed world, women live 5–10 years longer
- Behavioral and biological factors:
- Men practice more risky behaviors
- Higher accidents, assaults, and suicide rates in men
- Women develop heart disease later in life
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Why do women usually live longer
than men?
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Q
Measures of Health and Wellness
- QUALITY OF LIFE
- Superior health helps, but it does not guarantee longevity—that is, a long life
- The goal is not only more years but more
healthy years - Years of healthy life
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Do you have to be super healthy to
live longer?
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FIGURE 1-4 QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG AMERICANS: UNHEALTHY DAYS AND ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS DURING A 30-DAY PERIOD
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Q
The National Healthy
People Initiative
- Healthy People 2020
- Four overarching goals:
- Attain high-quality longer lives
- Achieve health equity
- Create healthy social and physical environments
- Promote quality of life and healthy development and behaviors across all life stages
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Has there been any substantial improvement in physical health in the past few years in the U.S., or are we all just getting less and less healthy?
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Q
Leading Causes of Death
- In developing nations, people die from diseases and conditions related to lack of necessities and public health measures
- In the U.S., the primary causes of death are linked to lifestyles
- Most deaths in developed countries are due to noncommunicable disease (not caused by pathogens and not contagious)
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How does the United States compare to other countries in terms of disease?
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FIGURE 1-5 CAUSES OF DEATH IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING REGIONS OF THE WORLD
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Q
Leading Causes of Death
- For many age groups, but heart disease is still
the number-one killer of Americans
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It seems as if everyone has some kind of cancer. Is cancer now the leading cause of death for Americans?
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Q
Leading Causes of Death
- The top causes of death in this age group are accidents, assault (homicide), and suicide
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What is the leading cause of death for young adults like most college students?
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TABLE 1-1 LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES, ALL AGES
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FIGURE 1-6 LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG YOUNG ADULTS
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Q
Leading Causes of Death
- We must understand risk factors, factors that increase your susceptibility for the development, onset, or progression of a disease or injury
- Some can be changed (smoking); others can’t (age)
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What can be done to decrease the leading causes of death?
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Q
Leading Causes of Death
- Obesity is an important underlying cause of many chronic diseases
- Ranked near the top of actual causes of death in the United States
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How many people die from obesity?
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TABLE 1-2 ACTUAL CAUSES OF DEATH
AMONG AMERICANS
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Q
Health and Wellness on Campus
- Back pain and allergies top the list among
college students - Most health problems for college students aren’t of the chronic variety
- There is much room for improvement in multiple wellness dimensions
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What are the main health and wellness concerns of college students?
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FIGURE 1-7 MOST COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS REPORTED BY COLLEGE STUDENTS
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TABLE 1-3 ACADEMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED
HEALTH PROBLEMS
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Q
Behavior Choices
That Influence Wellness
- Be physically active
- Choose a healthy diet
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Avoid tobacco in all forms
- Manage stress and get adequate sleep
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Avoid risky behaviors More…
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What basic things should I do every day or every week for a healthy lifestyle?
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Behavior Choices
That Influence Wellness
- Limit exposure to radiation and toxins
- Seek appropriate medical care
- Apply critical thinking skills as a health consumer
- Cultivate relationships and social support
- Nourish your spiritual side
- Have fun!
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What basic things should I do every day or every week for a healthy lifestyle?
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FIGURE 1-8 FACTORS DETERMINING HEALTH AND WELLNESS STATUS
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Q
Other Factors That
Influence Wellness
- Genes are just one factor in disease risk and overall health status
- Biology
- Social and economic factors
- Environmental factors
- Access to health care
- Public policies and interventions
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Is my health mostly dependent on my genes and family history?
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Q
Wellness: What Do you Want for Yourself—Now and in the Future?
- Energy, vitality, curiosity, empowerment, enjoyment—a high quality of life
- How do you rate your own levels of health and wellness today?
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What does it feel like to be well?
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