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CH08_.pptxFIELD OPERATIONS
CHAPTER EIGHT
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The Patrol Function
Commonly referred to as the “backbone of policing”
Why?
What are the goals of patrolling
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The Patrol Function (2)
Commonly referred to as the “backbone of policing”
Goals of patrol
Crime prevention and deterrence
Apprehension of offenders
Creation of a sense of security
Provision of non–crime-related services
Traffic control
Identifying and solving community problems
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The Patrol Function (3)
Patrol officers perform 3 primary functions:
Law enforcement
Order maintenance
Social services
What does each of these functions entail?
Is there an overlap between these duties?
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Historical Development
Two critical developments of the 1930s helped change the nature of the patrol officer
Greatly increased use of the patrol car
What are the consequences of using patrol cars?
The development of the Uniform Crime Report
Both of these developments led to “professionalization”
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Historical Development (cont.)
Radio and telephone also had a profound impact on policing
Proactive to reactive approaches, especially through 911
Change emphasis from problem oriented to incident oriented
From solving problems to responding to problems
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Patrol Methods
Two methods have dominated patrol
Automobile
Offers greatest coverage and most rapid response
Most cost-effective
Foot patrol
Reduces citizens’ fear of crime
More positive and non-adversarial interactions
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Patrol Methods (cont.)
A variety of other patrol methods now exist as well
Bicycle / Motorcycle patrol
Motor scooters and three-wheeled vehicles
Horse patrol
Planes and helicopters
Boat patrol
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Thinking moment
What are the advantages or disadvantages of having one officer at a time in a patrol cruiser?
Try to come-up at least with three ideas
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Use of Patrol Resources
The issue of one versus two-officer cars was central in policing
Study in San Diego in mid-1970s
1985 San Diego replication
This study yielded results similar to the initial study
One-man patrol:
Produces more arrest
Files more crime report
Receives fewer complaints
Costs less
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Use of Patrol Resources (cont.)
Determining “how” to concentrate patrol efforts and resources is achieved via a variety of avenues
Resource/need determination
Resource allocation
Computerized crime mapping
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Focused Interventions
Following the Kansas City Preventive Experiment, directing patrol officers’ efforts became increasingly common through a number of methods
Directed patrol
Hot spots
Problem-oriented approach
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Proactive Arrests and Crackdowns
Proactive arrests
Initiated by the police
Focus on a narrow set of high-risk targets
Crackdowns
An intensive, short-term increase in officer presence and arrests for specific types of offenses
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Focused Deterrence Initiatives
A # of important gun and gang violence studies have occurred in recent years
Kansas City Gun Experiment
Pittsburgh Firearm Suppression Patrol (FSP)
Richmond’s Project Exile
Boston Gun Project
Similar efforts in Minneapolis, Massachusetts, and Los Angeles
Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV)
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Zero Tolerance, Quality-of-Life, and Problem-Oriented Policing
Zero-tolerance policing
Aggressive targeting of minor infractions
Quality-of-life policing
Emphasizes reduction of physical and social disorder
Problem-oriented policing
A multi-pronged strategy to reduce problems in specific areas
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Reactive Arrests and Intimate Partner Violence
Reactive arrests are made in response to complaints, are random, and are typically for minor offenses
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (1984) was 1st study on use of arrest in misdemeanor domestic violence cases
Arrests versus mediation or separation
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Police Pursuits
Police pursuit policy is a current controversy
Department policy pertaining to such pursuit varies
Violent-felony-only policy
Restrictive policy
Judgmental policy
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Police Pursuits (cont.)
Alpert (1997) suggests the following for local departments:
Create and maintain systems to collect information on pursuit driving.
Review and update pursuit policies.
Evaluate the need for pursuit-specific training.
Support written policies with training and supervision.
Require that officers justify their actions or have a supervisor evaluate the pursuit
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The Investigative Function
Detectives also serve an important role in police departments
Goal is to investigate, increase # of arrests for crimes that are prosecutable and will result in conviction
Investigation is usually specialized
Crimes against person and crimes against property
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The Investigative Function (cont.)
The basic responsibilities of detectives are:
to determine whether a crime has been committed
to identify the perpetrator
to apprehend the perpetrator
to provide evidence to support a conviction in court
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A day in a patrol officer`s life
A Day in the Life of a St. Louis Park, MN, Patrol Officer (Video)
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Summary
The primary activities of police field operations include patrol
Patrol is the “backbone of policing”
Patrol efforts are now concerned w/regaining the neighborhood contextual knowledge that was lost during the professionalism movement in the 1960s and 70s
While patrol strategies are effective in reducing crime, research also suggests they may produce negative community relations
More sensitive strategies should be implemented
Especially those that receive community acceptance
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