Computer Science Final Presentation. Ciss 302.

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Chapter 7

Backbone Networks

Business Data Communications and Networking

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Chapter 7: Outline

- Introduction

- Backbone Network Components

Switches, Routers, Gateways

- Backbone Network Architectures

- The Best Practice Backbone Design

- Improving Backbone Performance

– Implications for Management

Backbone Networks

High speed networks linking an organization’s LANs
Making information transfer possible between departments
Use high speed circuits to connect LANs
Provide connections to other backbones, and WANs
Sometimes referred to as
An enterprise network
A campus-wide network

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7.2 Backbone Network Components

Network cable
Functions in the same way as in LANs
Optical fiber - more commonly chosen because it provides higher data rates
Hardware devices
Computers or special purpose devices used for interconnecting networks
Switches
Routers
Gateways

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Backbone Network Devices

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Switches

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Switches

Most switches operate at the data link layer
They connect two or more network segments that use the same data link and network protocol
They may connect the same or different types of cable
These use the data link layer address to forward packets between network segments

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Routers

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Routers

Operations
Operates at the network layer
Examines the destination address of the network layer
Strips off the data link layer packet
Chooses the “best” route for a packet (via routing tables)
Forwards only those messages that need to go to other networks
Compared to Switches
Performs more processing
Processes only messages specifically addressed to it
Recognizes that message is specifically addressed to it before message is passed to network layer for processing
Builds new data link layer packet for transmitted packets

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Gateways

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Gateways

Operate at network layer and use network layer addresses in processing
More complex than switches or routers
Connect two or more networks that use the same or different data link and network protocols
Some work at the application layer
Process only those messages addressed to them

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Other Backbone Network Devices

Terminology in marketplace is variable by vendor

Layer-3 switches
Similar to L2 switches, but switch messages based on network layer addresses (usually IP address)
Have the best of both switches and routers
Can support more simultaneously active ports than routers

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7.3 Backbone Network Architectures

Identifies the way backbone interconnects LANs
Manages way packets from one network move through the backbone to other networks
Three layers:

Access layer: used in LANs attached to BB

Distribution layer: connects LANs together

Core layer: connects different backbone networks together in enterprise network

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Backbone Network Design Layers

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Fundamental Backbone Architectures

Switched Backbones: most common type of backbone, used in distribution layer, used in new buildings, sometimes in core layer, can be rack or chassis based.
Routed Backbones: move packets along backbone on basis of network layer address, typically using bus, Ethernet 100Base-T, sometimes called subnetted backbone
Virtual LANs: networks in which computers are assigned into LAN segments by software rather than by hardware; can be single switch or multiswitch VLANs. Very popular technology.

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Switched Backbone

Insert Figure 7.6

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Switched Backbones

Replaces the many routers of other designs
Backbone has more cables, but fewer devices
No backbone cable used; switch is the backbone.
Advantages:
Improved performance (200-600% higher) due to simultaneous access of switched operations
A simpler more easily managed network – less devices

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Rack-Mounted Switched Backbones

Insert Figure 7.7

Rack-Mounted Switched Backbones

Source: Alan Dennis

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Rack-Based Switched Backbones

Places all network switch equipment physically in one “rack” room
Easy maintenance and upgrade
Requires more cable, but usually small part of overall cost
Main Distribution Facility (MDF) or Central Distribution Facility (CDF)
Another name for the rack room
Place where many cables come together
Patch cables used to connect devices on the rack
Easier to move computers among LANs

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Main Distribution Facility (MDF)

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Chassis-Based Switched Backbones

Use a “chassis” switch instead of a rack
Enables administrators to plug modules into switch
Modules can vary in nature, router or 4-port 100Base T switch
Example of a chassis switch with 710 Mbps capacity
5 10Base-T hubs, 2 10Base-T switches (8 ports each)
1 100Base-T switch (4 ports), 100Base-T router
 ( 5 x 10) + (2 x 10 x 8) + (4 x 100) + 100 = 710 Mbps
Advantage is flexibility
Enables users to plug modules directly into the switch
Simple to add new modules

Switched Backbone at Indiana Univ.

Add Figure 7-10

Routed Backbone

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Routed Backbones

Move packets using network layer addresses
Commonly used at the core layer
Connecting LANs in different buildings in the campus
Can be used at the distribution layer as well
LANs can use different data link layer protocols
Main advantage: LAN segmentation
Each message stays in one LAN; unless addressed outside the LAN
Easier to manage, LANs are separate entities, segments
Main disadvantages
Tend to impose time delays
Require more management than switches

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Virtual LANs (VLANs)

A new type of LAN-BN architecture
Made possible by high-speed intelligent switches
Computers assigned to LAN segments by software
Often faster and provide more flexible network management
Much easier to assign computers to different segments
More complex and so far usually used for larger networks
Basic VLAN designs:
Single switch VLANs
Multi-switch VLANs

How VLANs Work

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Each computer is assigned into a VLAN that has a VLAN ID
Each VLAN ID is matched to a traditional IP subnet
Each computer gets an IP address from that switch
Similar to how DHCP operates
Computers are assigned into the VLAN based on physical port they are plugged into

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VLAN-based Backbone

Insert Figure 7.12

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Multi-switch VLAN-Based Backbone

Insert Figure 7.13

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Multiswitch VLAN Operations

Same as single switch VLAN, except uses several switches, perhaps in core between buildings
Multi-switch VLANs use multiple VLAN switches, sending packets among themselves, making new types of VLANs possible, such as VLANs in separate locations.
Inter-switch protocols
Must be able to identify the VLAN to which the packet belongs
envelope the Ethernet frame, which is then sent to its destination switch, where the Ethernet packet is released and sent to its destination computer.
Use IEEE 802.1q (an emerging standard)
When a packet needs to go from one switch to another
16-byte VLAN tag inserted into the 802.3 packet by the sending switch
When the IEEE 802.1q packet reaches its destination switch
Its header (VLAN tag) stripped off and Ethernet packet inside is sent to its destination computer

Faster performance: Allow precise management of traffic flow and ability to allocate resources to different type of applications

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Recommendations for BB Design

Best architecture
Switched backbone or VLAN at distribution layer
Routed backbone at core layer
Best technology - Gigabit Ethernet
Ideal design
A mixture of layer-2 and layer-3 Ethernet switches
Access Layer
100Base-T Later 2 switches with cat5e or cat6
Distribution Layer
100base-T or 1000BaseT/F Layer 3 switches
Core Layer
Layer 3 switches running 10GbE or 40GbE over fiber

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Best Practice Network Design

Insert Figure 7.14

Improving Backbone Performance

Improving the performance of backbone networks is similar to improving LAN performance. First find the bottleneck, then solve it, or move it somewhere else.
You can improve performance by improving the computers and other devices in the network, by upgrading the circuits between computers, and by changing the demand placed on the network.

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Improving Backbone Performance

Improve computer and device performance
Upgrade them to faster devices
Change to a more appropriate routing protocol
Distance vector – typically used on BNs
Link state – typically used on WANs and MANs
Use gigabit Ethernet as BB (eliminate translations)
Increase memory in devices
Improve circuit capacity
Upgrade to a faster circuit; Add additional circuits
Replace shared circuit BB with a switched BB
Reduce network demand
Restrict applications that use a lot of network capacity
Reduce broadcast messages (placing filters at switches)

Backbone Performance Checklist

Increase Computer and Device Performance

 Change to a more appropriate routing protocol

(either static or dynamic)

 Buy devices and software from one vendor

 Reduce translation between different protocols

 Increase the devices’ memory

Increase Circuit Capacity

 Upgrade to a faster circuit

 Add circuits

Reduce Network Demand

 Change user behavior

 Reduce broadcast messages

Improving Circuit Capacity

If network circuits are the bottleneck there are several options:
Increase overall circuit capacity.
Add additional circuits alongside heavily used ones.
Replace shared circuit backbones with a switched circuit backbone.
If the circuit to the server is the problem: replace the Ethernet hub with a switch and change one NIC on the server.

Reducing Network Demand

Restrict applications that use a lot of network capacity, like video-conferencing, imaging, or multimedia.
Reduce the number of broadcast LAN messages on non-switched LANs.
Filter broadcast LAN messages so they do not exit their native LAN.