assistant needed p

oceanqueen

CH05-Cicc4E_IPPT_M3.pdf

Home >Education homework help >assistant needed p

learning

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

5.1 What does the term learning really mean?

5.6 What are the schedules of reinforcement?

5.2 How was classical conditioning first studied, and what are the important elements and characteristics of classical conditioning?

5.3 What is a conditioned emotional response, and how do cognitive psychologists explain classical conditioning?

5.4 How does operant conditioning occur, and what were the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner?

5.5 What are the important concepts in operant conditioning?

5.7 What is punishment and how does it differ from reinforcement?

5.8 What are some of the problems with using punishment?

5.9 How do operant stimuli control behavior, and what are some other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning?

5.10 What is behavior modification, and how can behavioral techniques be used to modify involuntary biological responses?

5.11 How do latent learning, learned helplessness, and insight relate to cognitive learning theory?

5.12 What is observational learning, and what are the four elements of modeling?

5.13 What is a real-world example of the use of conditioning?

Definition of Learning

Relatively permanent

change in behavior due to

experience or practice

e a r n i n g

5.1 What does the term learning really mean?

Lecture activities

It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Pavlov and Classical Conditioning 5.2 How was classical conditioning first studied, and what are the important elements and characteristics of classical conditioning?

• 1849-1936 • Russian physiologist • First to study basic

principles of classical conditioning – Reflexes, stimuli

& responses

Ivan Pavlov

Elements of Classical Conditioning

Click here to watch classic footage of Pavlov on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL_Classic&clipID=ch08pavlov.flv&ui=2

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Higher-Order Conditioning

Lecture activities

Conditioned emotional response: Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli • Little Albert

Conditioned Emotional Responses 5.3 What is a conditioned emotional response, and how do cognitive psychologists explain classical conditioning?

Other Conditioned Responses

Conditioned taste aversion: Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste

because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Other Conditioned Responses

Biological preparedness: Tendency to learn certain associations with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Why does classical conditioning work? “Pavlov believed that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal’s brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. He called this process stimulus substitution.”

–Learning Objective 5.3 (Ciccarelli & White)

What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning

What’s In It for Me? 5.4 How does operant conditioning occur, and what were the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner?

Operant conditioning: Voluntary behavior learned through consequences

Thorndike’s law of effect: Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated

Lecture activities

• 1904-1990 • Studied observable,

measurable behavior – Operant: voluntary

behavior – Learning depends on

consequences.

Skinner’s Contribution

B. F. Skinner

Click here to watch a demonstration of an operant conditioning experiment on mypsychlab.com.

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ab/ab_video_player_v2/mypsychlab/simpleviewer.php?projectID=pigeon

The Heart of Operant Conditioning “… learning an involuntary behavior really depends on what comes before the response…the “antecedant”…But in operant conditioning, learning depends on what happens after the response—the consequence. In a way, operant conditioning could be summed up as this: ‘If I do this, what’s in it for me?’ ”

– Learning Objective 5.4 (Ciccarelli & White)

Any consequence

that makes a response

more likely to happen again

einforcement

5.5 What are the important concepts in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement

Primary reinforcer: Reinforcer meeting a basic biological need or drive

Secondary reinforcer: Reinforcing via pairing with a primary reinforcer

Positive: Addition of a pleasurable stimulus

Negative: Removal, escape, or avoidance of aversive stimulus

Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement: FR

FR: Same number of desired responses required

Variable Interval

Fixed Interval

Variable Ratio

Fixed Ratio

5.6 What are the schedules of reinforcement?

Rapid response rate with short pauses

Schedules of Reinforcement: VR

VR: Number of responses required varies for each event

Variable Interval

Fixed Interval

Variable Ratio

Fixed Ratio

Rapid rate without pauses

Schedules of Reinforcement: FI

FI: Always same time before reinforcement opportunity

Variable Interval

Fixed Interval

Variable Ratio

Fixed Ratio

Long pauses after reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement: VI

VI: Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time

Variable Interval

Fixed Interval

Variable Ratio

Fixed Ratio

Slower, steady rate without pauses

Any consequence

that makes a response less likely to happen

again

u n i s h m e n t

5.7 What is punishment and how does it differ from reinforcement?

Lecture activities

Four Ways to Modify Behavior

Application: Addition of unpleasant stimulus

Removal: Removal of pleasurable stimulus

Different Types of Punishment

Negative Reinforcement Versus Punishment by Removal

Negative reinforcement occurs when a

response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Punishment by removal occurs when a pleasant

thing is removed. UNPLEASANT PLEASANT

Lecture activities

Punishment Problems 5.8 What are some of the problems with using punishment?

Drawbacks to severe punishment: • Fear and anxiety • Lying • Avoidance • Modeling of aggression

Punishment should be: • Immediate • Consistent • Paired with

reinforcement for correct behavior

Making Punishment More Effective

Stimulus Control

Discriminative stimulus: Cue to specific response for reinforcement

• Flashing light on a police car • Door that says “Open”

5.9 How do operant stimuli control behavior, and what are some other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning?

Shaping: • Small steps • Effective reinforcement • Heavy early

reinforcement • Reinforce less and less • Incorporate harder steps

Other Concepts in Operant Conditioning

Lecture activities

Other Concepts in Operant Conditioning

Instinctive drift: Animal’s conditioned behavior reverts to genetic patterns • e.g., raccoon washing,

pig rooting

Biological Constraints

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about the desired changes in behavior

ehavior modification

5.10 What is behavior modification, and how can behavioral techniques be used to modify involuntary biological responses?

• Token economy: Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

• Applied behavior analysis: Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Behavior Modification Techniques

Neurofeedback: Modifying behavior via brainscanning and feedback about brain activity

Biofeedback: Controlling involuntary responses (e.g., blood pressure) via biological feedback

Cognitive Learning Theory

• Early days of learning: Focus on behavior

• 1950s and 1960s: Increased focus on mental events (cognition)

• Edward Tolman: Early cognitive scientist

5.11 How do latent learning, learned helplessness, and insight relate to cognitive learning theory?

Source: Tolman & Honzik (1930).

Tolman’s Rats and Latent Learning

Köhler found evidence of insight, the sudden perception of the relationships among elements of a problem, in chimpanzees.

Insight Learning

Learned Helplessness

Learned helplessness: Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures

Observational Learning

b s e r v a t i o n a l learning

Learning new behavior by watching a model behave

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

Two conditions: • Aggressive and

non-aggressive model – Viewers of aggression

played more aggressively. – Model’s behavior was

imitated even in absence of reward.

5.12 What is observational learning, and what are the four elements of modeling?

Lecture activities

Click here to watch a video about Bandura's Bobo doll experiment on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=bobo_doll.flv&ui=2

Learning vs. Performance

Attention

Memory

Imitation

Desire

The Four Elements of Observational Learning

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Can You Really Toilet Train Your Cat?

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life 5.13 What is a real-world example of the use of conditioning?

Can you really toilet train your cat?

Writer Karawynn Long used shaping, reinforcement, and classical conditioning

to train her cat to use the toilet in her bathroom instead of a litter box.

Lecture Activities

How might a strict behaviorist help you to abandon one of your

unhealthy habits?

Classical Conditioning In The Classroom Let’s see if we can set up and test a scenario for classically conditioning a simple reflex, right here in the classroom. Pair up! US: UR: NS: NS + US --> UR CS: CR: CS --> CR

? ! Tony is 6 years old, with a father who is usually busy with work, and who leaves most parental decisions to Tony’s mother. Recently, Tony has begun to disobey his mother’s instructions, which causes Tony’s father to spank him and lecture him about obedience. Afterwards, Tony disobeys his mother even more than before. What conclusion(s) can we reach? A. The Law of Effect is not really a law, because it does not explain Tony’s behavior

– Tony is doing the behavior more even though the behavior is being punished.

B. The Law of Effect does explain Tony’s behavior – Tony is being rewarded for his behavior, so it happens more often.

C. Tony likely has a psychological disorder that leads to this behavior.

D. Tony’s parents are relying on classical conditioning instead of operant conditioning.

Do we repeat the past? What was your experience with punishment and reward growing up? Were you rewarded for good grades? How about spankings for misbehavior? How did your parents encourage and discourage your behaviors? Will you punish and reward like your parents?

Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment In small groups, decide which of the following illustrates negative reinforcement or punishment by removal. Discuss your rationale. 1. Playing less aggressively in a soccer game to avoid a red card 2. Being thrown out of a soccer game for playing too

aggressively 3. Mailing your income tax in on time to avoid a late penalty 4. Losing some of your money to pay a late penalty for filing your

taxes after April 15th 5. Obeying your parent, before she reaches the “count of three”

to avoid punishment

What shape would you like? Using strict behavioral principles, let’s see if we can shape someone into performing a very simple behavior here in class. We’ll need a victim…

How strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Why?

1. My behavior is affected by what I see on television and at the movies.

2. My emotions are affected by what I see on television and at the movies.

3. My thoughts are affected by what I see on television and at the movies.

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Definition of Learning
Slide Number 4
It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
Elements of Classical Conditioning
Slide Number 8
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Higher-Order Conditioning
Conditioned Emotional Responses
Other Conditioned Responses
Other Conditioned Responses
Why does classical conditioning work?
What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
What’s In It for Me?
Skinner’s Contribution
Slide Number 18
The Heart of Operant Conditioning
Slide Number 20
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement: FR
Schedules of Reinforcement: VR
Schedules of Reinforcement: FI
Schedules of Reinforcement: VI
Slide Number 27
Four Ways to Modify Behavior
Different Types of Punishment
Negative Reinforcement �Versus Punishment by Removal
Punishment Problems
Making Punishment More Effective
Stimulus Control
Other Concepts in Operant Conditioning
Other Concepts in Operant Conditioning
Biological Constraints
Slide Number 37
Behavior Modification Techniques
Behavior Modification Techniques
Cognitive Learning Theory
Cognitive Learning Theory�
Tolman’s Rats and Latent Learning
Insight Learning
Learned Helplessness
Observational Learning
Slide Number 46
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
Slide Number 48
Slide Number 49
The Four Elements of Observational Learning
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: �Can You Really Toilet Train Your Cat?
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life
Lecture Activities
Slide Number 54
Classical Conditioning In The Classroom�
Slide Number 56
Do we repeat the past?�
Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
What shape would you like?�
Slide Number 60