Short essay questions and Jigsaw Religion and politics part ii

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A culture is a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people.

A group of people who share common beliefs can be recognized as a culture in one of two ways:

The people call themselves a culture.

Other people (including academics) can label a certain group of people as a culture.

What Are Local & Popular Cultures?

Folk culture is small, incorporates a homogeneous population, is typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits.

Popular culture is large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits.

What Are Folk & Popular Cultures?

A Folk or local culture is a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others.

Material culture of a group of people includes things they construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and food.

Nonmaterial culture includes beliefs, practices, aesthetics (what they see as attractive), and values of a group of people.

What Are Folk & Popular Cultures?

Assimilation: a policy of the U.S. government in the 1800s and into the 1900s to assimilate indigenous peoples into the dominant culture in order to make American Indians into “Americans” rather than “Indians.”

Canadians, Australians, Russians, and other colonial powers adopted similar policies toward indigenous peoples.

American Indians in the United States are working to push back assimilation and popular culture by reviving the customs of their local cultures.

How Are Folk Cultures Sustained?

Local cultures are sustained through customs, practices that a group of people routinely follow.

A local culture can also work to avoid cultural appropriation, the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit.

Local cultures desire to keep popular culture out, keep their culture intact, and maintain control over customs and knowledge.

How Are Folk Cultures Sustained?

Guest Field Note:

Lindsborg, Kansas

“Lindsborg, Kansas, founded by Swedish Lutherans in 1869, has remade itself in recent decades as ‘Little Sweden, U.S.A.’ Swedish gift shops, restaurants, and ethnic festivals, along with faux-Swedish storefronts, all attract visitors interested in the Swedish American heritage.”

Credit: Steven M. Schnell, Kutztown

University of Pennsylvania

Urban Local Cultures

Ethnic neighborhoods

Concept Caching: Washington Heights, NY

How Are Local Cultures Sustained?

Field Note

“One of the most amazing aspects of running the New York City marathon is seeing the residents of New York’s many ethnic neighborhoods lining the streets of the race. Running through the Hasidic Jewish neighborhood in Williamsburg, Brooklyn was striking: even before noticing the traditional dress of the neighborhood’s residents, I noticed the crowd was much quieter—the people were not yelling, they were clapping and quietly cheering.”

Figure 4.8

Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York. © Martha Cooper/Peter Arnold, Inc.

The rapid diffusion of popular culture can cause consumers to lose track of the hearth of a good or idea.

When popular culture displaces or replaces local culture, it will usually be met with resistance.

Geographers realize that local cultures will interpret, choose, and reshape the influx of popular culture.

How Is Popular Culture Diffused?

Stemming the Tide of Popular Culture—Losing the Local?

At the global scale, North America, western Europe, Japan, India, and South Korea exert the greatest influence on popular culture at present

North America: movies, television, music, sports, and fast food

Japan: children’s television programs, electronic games, and new entertainment technologies

Western Europe: fashion, television, art, and philosophy

South Korea: television dramas, movies, and popular music

India: movies

Cultural landscape: visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

Edward Relph coined the word placelessness to describe loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next.

How Can Folk and Popular Cultures Be Seen in the Cultural Landscape?

Sense of Place

Either the intrinsic character of a place, or the meaning people give to it, but, more often, a mixture of both.

A Sense of Place

It is a combination of characteristics that makes a place special and unique.

Sense of place involves the human experience in a landscape, the local knowledge and folklore.

Sense of place also grows from identifying oneself in relation to a particular piece of land on the surface of planet Earth.

Cultural landscapes blend together in three dimensions:

Particular architectural forms and planning ideas have diffused around the world.

Individual businesses and products have become so widespread that they now leave distinctive landscape stamp on far-flung places.

The wholesale borrowing of idealized landscape images promotes a blurring of place distinctiveness.

How Can Folk and Popular Cultures Be Seen in the Cultural Landscape?

Concept Caching:

Brussels, Belgium

How Can Folk and Popular Cultures Be Seen in the Cultural Landscape?

DSessoms (DS) - photo not in the book

Figure 4.26b

How Can Folk and Popular Cultures Be Seen in the Cultural Landscape?

Global-local continuum concept: emphasizes that what happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales.

People in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes, in a process called glocalization.

How Can Local and Popular Cultures Be Seen in the Cultural Landscape?