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CH04.pptxPOLICE STRATEGIES
CHAPTER FOUR
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Evolving Strategies of Policing
Two issues led to questions being raised about reform model
Social upheaval and isolation of police from communities
Failing to increase public trust and crime control
These issues led to adoption of community policing
Also important was the increasing emphasis on research
Use of data and technology for problem-oriented strategies
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Landmark Studies of Police Effectiveness
A # of influential studies have had a lasting impact on policing
1) Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
Control Beats
Proactive Beats
Reactive Beats
Which one is better?
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Kansas City Experiment
What did change in:
Crime rates
Citizen attitudes
Feeling of security
Rates of report
Traffic accidents
Arrest rates
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Landmark Studies of Police Effectiveness (2)
Response time studies
Effectiveness of response time is limited due to two primary factors
?????
The difference between the time of crime and the time of call
Either late recognition of crime or the shock and fear
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Landmark Studies of Police Effectiveness (3)
Criminal investigation studies
The Rand study - 1975
Only 20% of serious crimes are solved
They are usually solved through information derived from victims
In 75% of solved cases, the identity of the offender was actually known at the time or right after the crime
The majority of detective time is spend on bureaucratic issues
Many forensic evidence do not contribute to solving the case
Recent clearance rates: Percent of Offenses Cleared by Arrest or Exceptional Means
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Strategic Development
Given landmark studies and other research findings, a variety of strategic efforts were developed, focusing on:
Improving crime-control effectiveness
Improving police-community relations
Improving professionalism
Developing evidence-based practices
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Improving Crime-Control Effectiveness
A variety of approaches to improving crime-control’s impact were adopted in response to the landmark studies
Crime analysis
Directed patrol
Differential response programs
Case screening
Problem-oriented policing
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Improving Police-Community Relations
The most important aspects of community policing was its attention to improving police-minority relations
Difficult due to long history of discrimination
Emphasized importance of communication and mutual understanding
Adoption of foot patrol to encourage more intimate understanding
Newark replication of Kansas City experiment with focus on foot patrol
What were the study’s conclusions?
Broken-windows thesis
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Improving Professionalism
In addition to crime-control and police-community relations, attention also was given to improving professionalism
Standards for policing hiring increased
Police training efforts also improved
Technological and equipment advancements
Implementation of standards, certification, and accreditation
Attention to legitimacy and innovation
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New professionalism in policing
Accountability – internal/external
National coherence
Legitimacy – consent/cooperation/collaboration
Innovation
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Developing Evidence-based Practices
Police practices have also been guided by evidence
Idea that police should adopt practices w/most evidence of support
If police do not follow this principle, then they are:
Not as effective as they could be
Wasting resources on ineffective strategies and programs
Requires both commitment to most effective practices AND willingness to sponsor ongoing evaluations and research
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Strategic Alternatives
A variety of strategic alternatives to traditional approaches to policing were adopted during the 1980s and 1990s
Community policing
Problem-oriented policing
Intelligence-led policing
Predictive policing
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Community Policing
The emphasis on community policing began in the 1980s
Logical combination of more than 30 years of police effectiveness
Attempt to harness the advantages of foot patrol with an emphasis on broken windows
Office of Community Oriented Policing (COPS) in 2009
There exist 3 major dimensions of community policing
Philosophical dimension
Strategic dimension
Tactical dimension
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The Philosophical Dimension
3 of the most central philosophical beliefs relate to the following:
Citizen input
Open access to police organizations
Input into police policies and decisions
Broad police function
Resolve conflict, help victims, prevent accidents, solve problems, reduce fear
Personal service
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The Strategic Dimension
This dimension focuses on three important changes
Less reliance on the patrol car and more emphasis on face-to-face interactions
What does this achieve?
Differential responses to calls for service
What does this allow police to do?
Reexamination of traditional criminal investigation
Importance of solvability factors
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The Tactical Dimension
Two dimensions are most central to the tactical side of community policing efforts
Positive interaction
Partnerships
With whom?
Problem solving
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Problem-Oriented Policing
Similar to community-oriented policing, emphasis began in 1980s
It exists of four steps, which together form the SARA (Scanning, analysis, response, assessment) model:
Careful identification of the problem
Careful analysis of the problem
A search for alternative solutions to the problem
Implementation and assessment of a response to the problem
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Problem-Oriented Policing (cont.)
Importantly, it is characterized by several important features
Should be standard operating procedure for policing
Should be practiced by personnel throughout the ranks
Should be empirical
Should involve collaboration across agencies whenever possible
Should incorporate community input/participation whenever possible
Ultimately, seeks tailored response to community problems
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Two examples – San Diego
A trolley station was the location of gang fights, violent crimes, and narcotic activity. A squad of officers collected information to show the local transit board that the design of the station contributed to crime. Based on the careful work of the officers, the board agreed to provide funds to redesign the station.
Calls of narcotic activity at an 80-unit apartment complex alerted officers to try a problem solving approach. Working with residents, the on-site manager, the management company, the Housing Commission, and other police units, the officers were able to evict problem residents and stop the drug dealing.
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Homework
Find an example of a community oriented policing or problem oriented policing program from a jurisdiction in the US
Turn it in Wednesday – One/two page typed
Get ready to present briefly
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Intelligence-led Policing
Emphasizes the use of “real-time” crime analysis
Demands more centralization and information and decision-making than is common in American policing
As well as more analytical capacity
Technological improvements in police data systems contributed to the development of IL policing
Fusion Centers: Intelligence Led Policing Fusion Centers part 1 (Video)
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Predictive Policing
The primary aim of predictive policing is anticipation
Uses data to do the following:
React more quickly to incidents and patterns
Predict events in the hope of preventing or acting preemptively
This makes stopping crime more than just a dream
On the flip side, however, there are philosophical and legal concerns that follow predictive policing efforts
What concerns might arise?
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What Works in Policing
Evidence regarding the effectiveness of the 4 strategies reviewed in this chapter is fairly limited
Duo to the fact that techniques are multifaceted & effects are hard to identify
Evidence pertaining to the effectiveness of community policing is weak
On the contrary, hot-spot policing does reduce crime
Evidence pertaining to the effectiveness of problem-oriented policing suggests that it does reduce crime, disorder, and improve safety in public places
Important to give attention to weaknesses of these strategies
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Summary
The nature of policing has changed in important ways since the reform period and especially since the 1980s
Incorporation of community-policing, problem-oriented policing, and predictive policing are but a few examples
Crime control, community relations, and professionalism have been given great attention
Much recent change is attributable to a move toward research, data and thus evidenced-based practice
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