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Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Musculoskeletal System

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Combining Forms

• ankyl/o – stiff joint

• arthr/o – joint

• articul/o – joint

• burs/o – sac

• carp/o – wrist

• cervic/o – neck

• chondr/o – cartilage

• clavicul/o – clavicle continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Combining Forms

• coccyg/o – coccyx

• cortic/o – outer portion

• cost/o – rib

• crani/o – skull

• femor/o – femur

• fibul/o – fibula

• humer/o – humerus

• ili/o – ilium continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Combining Forms

• ischi/o – ischium

• kyph/o – hump

• lamin/o – lamina, part of vertebra

• lord/o – bent backwards

• lumb/o – low back, loin

• mandibul/o – mandible

• maxill/o – maxilla

• medull/o – inner portion continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Combining Forms

• metacarp/o – metacarpals

• metatars/o – metatarsals

• myel/o – bone marrow

• orth/o – straight

• oste/o – bone

• patell/o – patella

• pector/o – chest

• ped/o – foot, child continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Combining Forms

• pelv/o – pelvis

• phalang/o – phalanges

• pod/o – foot

• prosthet/o – addition

• pub/o – pubis

• radi/o – radius, ray

• sacr/o – sacrum

• scapul/o – scapula continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Combining Forms

• scoli/o – crooked, bent

• spin/o – spine

• spondyl/o – vertebrae

• stern/o – sternum

• synovi/o – synovial membrane

• synov/o – synovial membrane

• tars/o – ankle

• thorac/o – chest continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Combining Forms

• tibi/o – tibia

• uln/o – ulna

• vertebr/o – vertebra

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Suffixes

• –blast immature, embryonic

• –clasia to break surgically

• –desis stabilize, fuse

• –listhesis slipping

• –logic pertaining to study of

• –porosis porous

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System Prefixes

• dis- apart

• non- not

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeletal System at a Glance

• Functions of skeletal system

 Internal framework of body

 Supports body

 Protects internal organs

 Point of attachment for muscles

 Produces blood cells

 Stores minerals

Organs of skeletal system

Bones of the skeleton

Joints

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Skeletal System

• Bones are body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

• skeleton

 206 bones

• Red bone marrow within bones produces blood cells

• Bones also:

 Protect vital organs

 Store minerals continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Skeletal System

• Joint

 Place where two bones meet

 Held together by ligaments

 Gives flexibility to skeleton

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Bones

• Also called osseous tissue

• One of hardest materials in body

• Formed from ossification

• Fetal skeleton is formed from a cartilage model

• Flexible tissue is replaced by osteoblasts (immature bone cells)

• In adult osteoblasts mature into osteocytes

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.1 Classification of bones by shape.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Long Bones

• Majority of bones in body

• Divided into:

 Diaphysis

 Epiphysis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Diaphysis

• Central shaft

• Medullary cavity

 Open canal within diaphysis

 Contains yellow bone marrow

• Mostly fat

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Epiphysis

• Wide ends of long bone

 Distal epiphysis

 Proximal epiphysis

• Articular cartilage

 Covers epiphysis

 Prevents bone rubbing on bone

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Periosteum

• Covers surface of bone not covered by articular cartilage

• Thin connective tissue membrane

• Contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Compact Bone

• Also called cortical bone

• Very dense and hard

• Outer layer of bone

• Found in both epiphysis and diaphysis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cancellous Bone

• Also called spongy bone

• Found inside bone

• Has spaces containing red bone marrow

 Manufactures blood cells

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.2 Components of a long bone. The entire long bone is on the left side accompanied by a

blow-up of the proximal epiphysis and a section of the diaphysis.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Skeleton

• Skeleton has two divisions

 Axial skeleton:

Head, Neck, Spine, Chest, Trunk

 Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle, Upper extremity, Pelvic girdle, Lower extremity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

The Skull

• Is divided into two parts

 Cranium

 Facial bones

• Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity

• Attachment for muscles of chewing and turning the head

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.5 Bones of the skull.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Hyoid Bone

• Single U-shaped bone

• In neck between mandible and larynx

• Attachment point for swallowing and speech muscles

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

The Trunk

• Vertebral column

• Sternum

• Rib cage

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

The Vertebral Column

• Divided into five sections

 Cervical

 Thoracic

 Lumbar

 Sacrum

 Coccyx

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

The Rib Cage

• 12 pairs of ribs

• Attached to vertebral column at back

• Provides support for organs, such as heart and lungs

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.7 The structure of the rib cage.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Appendicular Skeleton

• Includes bones of:

 Pectoral girdle

 Upper extremity

 Pelvic girdle

 Lower extremity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

• Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton

• Articulates with:

 Sternum anteriorly

 Vertebral column posteriorly

• Consists of:

 Clavicle – collar bone

 Scapula – shoulder blade

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Bones of the Upper Extremity

• Arm

• Consists of:

 Humerus – upper arm

 Ulna – part of forearm

 Radius – part of forearm

 Carpals – wrist bones

 Metacarpals – hand bones

 Phalanges – finger bones

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.9 Anatomical and common names for the pectoral girdle and upper extremity.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

• Also called os coxae, innominate bone, or hipbone

• Attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton

• Articulates with sacrum posteriorly

• Consists of:

 Ilium

 Ischium

 Pubis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Bones of the Lower Extremity

• Leg

• Consists of:

 Femur – thigh bone

 Patella – knee cap

 Tibia – shin bone

 Fibula – lower leg bone

 Tarsals – ankle bones

 Metatarsals – foot bones

 Phalanges – toe bones

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.10 Anatomical and common names for the pelvic girdle and lower extremity.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Joints

• Formed where two bones meet

• Also called an articulation

• Three types based on movement allowed between the two bones:

 Synovial

 Cartilaginous

 Fibrous

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Synovial Joints

• Freely moving joints

• Most common type of joint

• Example is ball-and-socket joint

• Bones held together by ligaments

 Strong bands of connective tissue

• Some contain a bursa

 Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Synovial Joints

• Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule

• Contains synovial fluid

 Lubricant secreted by synovial membrane

• Ends of bones are covered with articular cartilage

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.12 Structure of a generalized synovial joint.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cartilaginous Joints

• Allow slight movement

• Hold bones firmly in place by solid piece of cartilage

• Example

 Pubic symphysis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Fibrous Joints

• Allow almost no movement

• Joined by thick fibrous tissue

• Example

 Sutures of the skull

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Intervertebral



 Pertaining to between the vertebrae

• Thoracic



 Pertaining to the thorax (chest)

inter- + -al+ vertebr/o

thorac/o + -ic

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Scapular



 Pertaining to the scapula (shoulder blade)

• Phalangeal



 Pertaining to the phalanges (fingers or toes)

scapul/o + -ar

phalang/o + -eal

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Arthralgia



 Joint pain

• Chondromalacia



 Softening of the cartilage

arthr/o + -algia

chondr/o + -malacia

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Osteomyelitis



 Inflammation of bone and bone marrow

• Synovitis



 Inflammation of a synovial membrane

oste/o + -itis+ myel/o

synov/o + -itis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Osteoarthritis



 Inflammation of bones and joints

• Osteoporosis



 Porous bones

oste/o + -itis+ arthr/o

oste/o + -porosis

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Kyphosis



 Abnormal condition of having a hump

• Spondylolisthesis



 Vertebral slipping

kyph/o + -osis

spondyl/o + -listhesis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Arthrogram



 X-ray record of a joint

• Myelography



 Process of making X-ray record of spinal cord

arthr/o + -gram

myel/o + -graphy

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Arthroscope



 Instrument to view inside a joint

• Arthroscopy



 Process of viewing inside a joint

arthr/o + -scope

arthr/o + -scopy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Arthrocentesis



 To puncture a joint to remove fluid

• Bursectomy



 The surgical removal of a bursa

arthr/o + -centesis

burs/o + -ectomy

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Craniotomy



 To surgically cut into the skin

• Osteoclasia



 To break a bone

crani/o + -otomy

oste/o + -clasia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Combining Forms Match Up

1. burs/o

2. carp/o

3. cervic/o

4. chondr/o

5. cost/o

a. wrist

b. neck

c. sac

d. cartilage

e. rib

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscular System at a Glance

• Function of muscular system

 Individual cells are able to contract or shorten in length

 Shortening produces movement

• Organs of muscular system

 Muscles

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscular System Combining Forms

• duct/o – to bring

• extens/o – to stretch out

• fasci/o – fibrous band

• fibr/o – fibers

• flex/o – to bend

• kinesi/o – movement

• muscul/o – muscle

• my/o – muscle

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscular System Combining Forms

• myos/o – muscle

• plant/o – sole of foot

• rotat/o – to revolve

• ten/o – tendon

• tend/o – tendon

• tendin/o – tendon

• vers/o – to turn

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscular System Suffixes

• –asthenia weakness

• –ion action, condition

• –kinesia movement

• –tonia tone

• –trophic pertaining to development

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscular System Prefixes

• ab– away from

• ad– towards

• circum– around

• e- outward, without

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Types of Muscles

• Voluntary muscles

 Consciously choose to contract the muscle

 Skeletal muscles

• Involuntary muscles

 Under control of subconscious brain

 Smooth muscles and cardiac muscle

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 4.22 Characteristics of the three types of muscles.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscle Actions Grouped by Antagonistic Pairs

abduction movement away from midline of body

adduction movement toward midline of body

dorsiflexion backward bending of foot

plantar flexion bending sole of foot; pointing toes

flexion act of bending or being bent

extension brings limb into a straight condition

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscle Actions Grouped by Antagonistic Pairs

eversion turning outward

inversion turning inward

elevation to raise

depression to drop down

pronation turning palm downward

supination turning palm upward

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Circular Actions

• Circumduction

 Movement in circular direction from a central point

• Opposition

 Moving thumb away from palm to contact tip of other fingers

• Rotation

 Moving around a central axis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Muscle Action Terms

• Adduction



 The action of bringing toward

• Flexion



 The action of bending

+ duct/o + -ionad-

flex/o + -ion

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Muscle Action Terms

• Eversion



 The action of turning outward

• Rotation



 The action of revolving

+ vers/o + -ione-

rotat/o + -ion

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Fascial



 Pertaining to fascia

• Myocardial



 Pertaining to heart muscle

fasci/o + -al

myocardi/o + -al

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Muscular



 Pertaining to muscles

• Tendinous



 Pertaining to tendons

muscul/o + -ar

tendin/o + -ous

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Hyperkinesia



 Excessive movement

• Dystonia



 Abnormal tone

hyper- + -kinesis

dys- + -tonia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Tenodynia



 Tendon pain

• Myasthenia



 Muscle weakness

ten/o + -dynia

my/o + -asthenia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Fasciitis



 Inflammation of fascia

• Fibromyalgia



 Pain in muscle fibers

fasci/o + -itis

fibr/o + -algia+ my/o

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Myorrhexis



 Rupture of muscle

• Polymyositis



 Inflammation of many muscles

my/o + -rrhexis

poly- + -itis+ myos/o

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Electromyogram



 Record of muscle electricity

• Electromyography



 Process of recording muscle electricity

• Biopsy



 To view life

electr/o + -gram+ my/o

electr/o + -graphy+ my/o

bi/o + -opsy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Surgical Terms

• Myoplasty



 To surgically repair a muscle

• Myorrhaphy



 To suture a muscle

my/o + -plasty

my/o + -rrhaphy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Surgical Terms

• Tenodesis



 To stabilize a tendon

• Tendotomy



 To cut into a tendon

ten/o + -desis

tend/o + -otomy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Combining Forms Match Up

1. duct/o

2. extens/o

3. flex/o

4. my/o

5. vers/o

a. bend

b. muscle

c. turn

d. stretch

e. bring