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sensation and perception

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

3.1 How does sensation travel through the central nervous system, and why are some sensations ignored?

3.7 What allows people to experience the sense of touch, pain, motion, and balance?

3.2 What is light, and how does it travel through the various parts of the eye?

3.3 How do the eyes see, and how do the eyes see different colors?

3.4 What is sound, and how does it travel through the various parts of the ear?

3.5 Why are some people unable to hear, and how can their hearing be improved?

3.6 How do the senses of taste and smell work, and how are they alike?

3.8 What are perception and perceptual constancies?

3.9 What are the Gestalt principles of perception?

3.10 What is depth perception and what kind of cues are important for it to occur?

3.11 What are visual illusions and how can they and other factors influence and alter perception?

Sensory information processed differently or in wrong cortical areas

Information interpreted as more than one sense

Synesthesia

The ABCs of Sensation

e n s a t i o n

Activation of receptors in

various sense organs

3.1 How does sensation travel through the central nervous system, and why are some sensations ignored?

Lecture activities

Just noticeable difference: Smallest difference detectable 50% of time

Absolute threshold: Least energy for correct stimulus detection 50% of time

Sensation

Absolute thresholds

Examples of Absolute Thresholds

Vision 4 Hearing

Taste Touch

Smell

Subliminal stimuli: Stimuli just below level of conscious awareness

Subliminal Perception

Habituation and Sensory Adaptation

Habituation: Brain stops attending to constant, unchanging stimuli (cognitive)

Sensory adaptation: Sensory receptors less responsive to constant stimuli (biological)

The Science of Seeing

The Visible Spectrum 3.2 What is light, and how does it travel through the various parts of the eye?

Psychological Properties of Light

Corresponds to the length of the light waves (reds, blues)

Purity of perceived color: Highly saturated: Wavelengths all the same Less saturated: Varying wavelengths

Corresponds to amplitude of light waves (dim light, bright light)

Structure of the Eye

Lecture activities

Nearsightedness and Farsightedness

Cones located in fovea • Day vision

(color)

Rods in periphery • Night vision

(black and white)

Through the Eyes to the Brain 3.3 How do the eyes see, and how do the eyes see different colors?

Dark adaptation

Light and Dark Adaptation

Light adaptation

Trichromatic Theory

Trichromatic theory: Three types of cones—blue, green, and red, each responding maximally to different wavelengths of light

Afterimages • Opponent-process

theory: Four primary colors arranged in pairs, with each member of the pair as opponents

• When one color of the pair is stimulated, the other is inhibited; the stimulated cell (e.g., ganglion cell) cannot signal both colors at the same time.

Opponent-Process Theory

Lecture activities

Color Blindness “ ‘Color blindness’ is caused by defective cones in the retina of the eye and as a more general term, color-deficient vision is more accurate, as most people with ‘color blindness’ have two type of cones working and can see many colors.” – Learning Objective 3.3 (Ciccarelli & White)

The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now?

Wavelength – Hertz (Hz) – waves (cycles) per second • Pitch

– High – Low

Psychological Properties of Sound

3.4 What is sound, and how does it travel through the various parts of the ear?

Psychological Properties of Sound

Amplitude – decibels • Volume

• Soft to loud

Psychological Properties of Sound

Timbre: Richness in the tone of the sound

Psychological Properties of Sound

Noise can affect stress, learning, aggression, and other aspects of

psychology.

The Structure of the Ear

Theories of Pitch

Location of the hair cells on the organ of Corti corresponds to different pitches of sound. Explains pitch above 1000 Hz. Speed with which the basilar membrane vibrates corresponds to different pitches of sound. Explains pitch below 1000 Hz. Neurons take turns firing for sounds above 400 Hz and below 4000 Hz.

PLACE Theory 1

FREQUENCY Theory 2

VOLLEY Theory 3

Conduction Damaged eardrum and/or ossicles

Nerve Damaged inner ear, auditory pathways, cortices

Types of Hearing Impairments 3.5 Why are some people unable to hear, and how can their hearing be improved?

Cochlear Implant

Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better

Taste (Gustation) 3.6 How do the senses of taste and smell work, and how are they alike?

The Five Basic Tastes

SOUR

BITTER SWEET

UMAMI

SALTY

Smell (Olfaction)

Somesthetic Senses: What the Body Knows

Somesthetic Senses 3.7 What allows people to experience the sense of touch, pain, motion, and balance?

What is thought of as the sense of touch is really several sensations, originating in several different places in—and on—the body. • Skin senses (touch, pressure, temperature, pain) • Kinesthetic sense (location of body parts in

relation to one another) • Vestibular senses (movement, body position)

Cross Section of the Skin and Its Receptors

Pain signals must pass through a “gate” located in the spinal cord.

Pain

Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other

The sensations of movement, balance, and body position

Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses

Lecture activities

The ABCs of Perception

Method by which

sensations are organized and

interpreted

e r c e p t i o n

3.8 What are perception and perceptual constancies?

Perceptual Constancy

Brightness constancy

Shape constancy

Size constancy

The Gestalt Principles 3.9 What are the Gestalt principles of perception?

These principles are based on the idea that people have a natural tendency to force patterns onto whatever they see.

Gestalt Principles: Figure-Ground

Gestalt Principles: Proximity

Gestalt Principles: Similarity

Gestalt Principles: Closure

Gestalt Principles: Continuity

Gestalt Principles: Contiguity

• EVENT #1 • EVENT #2

Gestalt Principles: Common Region

Depth perception: The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions • Monocular and binocular

Depth Perception 3.10 What is depth perception and what kind of cues are important for it to occur?

Depth Perception

Monocular (pictorial depth) cues: Depth cues that can be perceived by one eye alone • Interposition • Linear Perspective • Relative Size • Texture Gradient • Aerial Perspective • Motion Parallax

Lecture activities

Linear Perspective

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Relative Size

Aerial Perspective

Motion Parallax

Linear Perspective

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Relative Size

Aerial Perspective

Motion Parallax

Linear Perspective

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Relative Size

Aerial Perspective

Motion Parallax

Linear Perspective

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Relative Size

Aerial Perspective

Motion Parallax

Linear Perspective

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Relative Size

Aerial Perspective

Motion Parallax

Linear Perspective

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Relative Size

Aerial Perspective

Motion Parallax

Accommodation “A monocular cue that is not one of the pictorial cues, accommodation makes use of something that happens inside the eye. The lens of the human eye is flexible and held in place by a series of muscles. The…process of visual accommodation is the tendency of the lens to change its shape, or thickness, in response to objects near or far away. The brain can use this information about accommodation as a cue for distance. Accommodation is also called a ‘muscular cue.’ ” – Learning Objective 3.10 (Ciccarelli & White)

Depth Perception

Binocular depth cues: Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes • Convergence • Binocular disparity

Binocular Cues to Depth Perception

Illusions

Example of puzzling perceptions: The Muller-Lyer Illusion

3.11 What are visual illusions and how can they and other factors influence and alter perception?

A. B.

Illusions of Motion

Autokinetic effect

Stroboscopic motion

Phi phenomenon

Sometimes people perceive an object as moving when it is actually still.

Bottom-up processing

Factors Influencing Perception

Top-down processing

Perceptual sets

Lecture Activities

Change Blindness

When we look at the world around us, how much are we really seeing? Let’s find out.

On the following slide you will be shown two images flashing alternately. The images are identical except for one major change. See if you can spot the change before time runs out. Then try this again with another set of images.

Image #1 (Click anywhere to begin)

CONTINUE TRY AGAIN

Image #2 (Click anywhere to begin)

CONTINUE TRY AGAIN

The phenomenon of “change blindness” occurs because human beings are able to pay attention to only part of the visual sensations that they are exposed to on a moment-by- moment basis. These are the parts that are remembered. This demonstration reminds us that the road between sensation and perception has many twists and turns.

The Blind Spot Draw two small circles (about six inches apart) on your paper. Hold the paper out in front of you. Close your right eye and stare at the right dot with your left eye. Slowly bring the paper closer to your face. As you do this, the left dot will disappear.

Afterimages

Visual sensations that persist after the initial stimulus has been removed are called “afterimages.” On the next slide you will see a picture of a flag with a white dot in the middle. Stare at the dot until the screen changes. Do not take your eyes off of the white dot.

Trichromatic theory cannot account for afterimages like the one that you just saw (and may still be seeing). In order to explain such perceptual phenomena, a theory is needed that explains photoreceptor activity differently.

Which of your senses do you consider to be the most emotionally significant? Why?

Leave the classroom and find real-world examples for at least three of the monocular depth cues listed below. DRAW your examples and be prepared to share. Be back in 5 minutes.

• Interposition • Linear Perspective • Relative Size • Texture Gradient • Aerial Perspective • Motion Parallax

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Synesthesia
The ABCs of�Sensation
Slide Number 5
Sensation
Examples of Absolute Thresholds
Subliminal Perception
Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
The Science �of Seeing
The Visible Spectrum
Psychological Properties of Light
Structure of the Eye
Nearsightedness and Farsightedness
Slide Number 15
Through the Eyes to the Brain
Light and Dark Adaptation
Trichromatic Theory
Opponent-Process Theory
Color Blindness
The Hearing �Sense: Can You Hear Me Now?
Psychological Properties of Sound
Psychological Properties of Sound
Psychological Properties of Sound
Psychological Properties of Sound
The Structure of the Ear
Theories of Pitch
Types of Hearing Impairments
Cochlear Implant
Chemical Senses: �It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better
Taste (Gustation)
The Five Basic Tastes
Smell (Olfaction)
Somesthetic Senses: What �the Body Knows
Somesthetic Senses
Cross Section of the Skin and Its Receptors
Pain
Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses
The ABCs of �Perception
Slide Number 40
Perceptual Constancy
The Gestalt Principles
Gestalt Principles: Figure-Ground
Gestalt Principles: Proximity
Gestalt Principles: Similarity
Gestalt Principles: Closure
Gestalt Principles: Continuity
Gestalt Principles: Contiguity
Gestalt Principles: Common Region
Depth Perception
Depth Perception
Slide Number 52
Slide Number 53
Slide Number 54
Slide Number 55
Slide Number 56
Slide Number 57
Accommodation
Depth Perception
Binocular Cues to Depth Perception
Illusions
Illusions of Motion
Factors Influencing Perception
Lecture Activities
Change Blindness
Slide Number 66
Slide Number 67
Slide Number 68
Slide Number 69
Slide Number 70
The Blind Spot
Afterimages
Slide Number 73
Slide Number 74
Slide Number 75
Slide Number 76
Slide Number 77