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Addiction Treatment: A Strengths Perspective 4th Edition

Katherine van Wormer Diane Rae Davis

Chapter 2

Historical Perspectives

Early History

Alcohol back to 5000 BC Iran

Unknown to world’s indigenous people

Koran --- condemned wine. Alcohol from Arabic al-kuhul.

Iranian MD. discovered evaporated distilled spirits. Technology exceeded its grasp

Great devastation from England, 1700-1750.

Infant mortality, crime

North America

More beer than water on Mayflower.

Slaves forbidden to drink except on special occasions, taught binging.

Puritan traditions.

18th – Quakers and Methodists disapproved of hard liquor.

Temperance movement

1825-1919: Against hard liquor, not beer and wine.

Temperance women considered alcohol the enemy of the family and it’s contribution to poverty and violence. Movement led to women’s suffrage.

Early 1900s

Cocaine in Coke

Tobacco outlawed for brief period.

1914 Harrison Act --- originating from fear of addiction and foreigners restricted opioids and cocaine. Must now be prescribed.

Marijuana use (associated with Mexicans) led to Marijuana Tax Act and other harsh laws.

Teetotaler T=total abstinence, from Ireland.

U.S. Prohibition 1920-1933

Glamorized crime. Mafia/ Hollywood/Wash. DC link. Homicide rates increased.

Great Depression created need for jobs.

Giancana, Double Cross

Modern War on Drugs

Johnson—war on poverty

Nixon through the Bushes—war on drugs

1960’s heroin horror stories

1980’s, crack cocaine

2000’s, methamphetamine

Attacks directed toward poor, minorities.

History of Gambling in U.S.

Lotteries American Revolution Banned after Civil War and during Prohibition.

1931—casino gambling legal in Nevada

1960’s—lotteries for state revenue

1972—first gambling treatment center at VA, Ohio

1987—Supreme Court banned state regulation of tribal casinos

Mississippi River casinos

Internet gambling popular today

Themes of First Half of Chapter

Dangers of potent alcohol, role of ethnic prejudice in shaping drug legislation, unintended consequences of prohibition.

Example of happy Italian family enjoying wine with their meals.

Modern War on Drugs, two-thirds of money for law enforcement.

History of Addiction Treatment

William White, Slaying the Dragon. Mistreatment of persons with mental illness and alcoholics in asylums.

Getting Better by Nan Robertson tells of Bill W. and Dr. Bob. Oxford Groups. Big Book. 2 million members in AA worldwide today.

Jellinek (The Disease Concept, 1960) – 5 types of alcoholism based on world travels:

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon.

Treatment History continued

1956 AMA declared alcoholism an illness, 1966, a disease.

Harold Hughes –founded NIAAA.

Hazelden adapted 12 Step approach.

Box 2:1—“Treatment in Norway”—universal health care for support.

Peele and Fingarette: addiction as bad habits not disease.

History of Harm Reduction

AIDS in Netherlands spawned new approach, to reduce the harm.

Britain, 1960s and later.

Heroin prescribed. Needle exchanges-U.S.

Alan Marlatt, died in 2011, pioneer in spread of harm reduction approach to U.S., researcher at U. of Washington.