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the biological perspective

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons, and nerves, and how do they relate to one another?

2.6 How do psychologists study the brain and how it works?

2.2 How do neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body?

2.3 How do the brain and spinal cord interact, what are some misconceptions about the brain, and what is neuroplasticity?

2.4 How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems allow people and animals to interact with their surroundings and control the body’s automatic functions?

2.5 How do the hormones released by glands interact with the nervous system and affect behavior?

2.7 What are the different structures of the hind brain and what do they do?

2.8 What are the structures of the brain that control emotion, learning, memory, and motivation?

2.9 What parts of the cortex control the different senses and the movement of the body?

2.10 What parts of the cortex are responsible for higher forms of thought, such as language?

2.11 How does the left side of the brain differ from the right side?

2.12 What are some potential causes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Carries information to and from all parts of the body

2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons, and nerves, and how do they relate to one another?

Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network

Biological Psychology / behavioral neuroscience: Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior and learning

Neuroscience

Structure of the Neuron

Glial Cells

• These influences impact thinking, learning and memory

• Possible role in psychiatric disorders

• Some provide insulation (myelin) for the axons of certain neurons

• Two special types of glial cells generate myelin – Oligodendrocytes – Schwann cells

Repairing Nerve Fibers “Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body …Myelin wraps around the shaft of the axons, forming an insulating and protective sheath… Myelin from Schwann cells has a unique feature that can serve as a tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can reconnect and repair themselves.”

– Learning Objective 2.1 (Ciccarelli & White)

Generating the Message: The Neural Impulse

Lecture activities

Generating the Message: The Neural Impulse

Lecture activities

The Synapse 2.2 How do neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body?

Neurotransmitters Receptor

site

Synaptic vesicle

Synapse

Axon terminal presynaptic

neuron Nerve

impulse

Surface of postsynaptic

neuron

Neuronal Communication

Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire

Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing

Major Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

Neurotransmitters

Involved in mood, sleep, and appetite

Involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure

Involved in arousal, attention, memory, and controls muscle contractions

Involved in sleep and inhibits movement

Involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity

Serotonin

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

Glutamate

Involved in arousal and mood

Norepinephrine Endorphins

Involved in pain relief

GABA

Cleaning Up the Synapse

Click here to watch a simulation about communication between neurons on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=Cider&clipID=01-Neurotransmitters.flv&ui=2

An Overview of the Nervous System

An Overview of the Nervous System Replaced with image from book. Check

photo credit.

The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit”

The Central Nervous System 2.3 How do the brain and spinal cord interact , what are some misconceptions about the brain, and what is neuroplasticity?

Brain

CENTRAL

Spinal Cord

The Brain

Brain

CENTRAL

Spinal Cord

The Spinal Cord

Brain

CENTRAL

Spinal Cord

Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons

Afferent (sensory) neurons

Efferent (motor) neurons

Interneurons

Neuroplasticity and Stem Cells

Neuroplasticity: The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma

Stem cells: Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear

The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves on the Edge

The Peripheral Nervous System 2.4 How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems allow people and animals to interact with their surroundings and control the body’s automatic functions?

The Somatic Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System

“Fight or flight”

Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division

Lecture activities

“Rest and digest”

Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division

Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine System 2.5 How do the hormones released by glands interact with the nervous system and affect behavior?

Click here to watch a simulation about the endocrine system on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=Cider&clipID=05-Endocrine%20System.flv&ui=2

Looking Inside the Living Brain

Peeking Inside the Brain

• Lesioning studies • Brain stimulation

– Invasive techniques – Noninvasive techniques

• Mapping structure – CT – MRI

• Mapping function – EEG – PET – SPECT – fMRI

2.6 How do psychologists study the brain and how it works?

From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain

The Major Structures of the Human Brain

Lecture activities

The Hindbrain 2.7 What are the different structures of the hindbrain and what do they do?

Pons: Involved in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, arousal

Reticular Formation: General attention, alertness, arousal

Medulla: Life-sustaining functions like breathing, swallowing, heart rate

Cerebellum: Controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement also involved in some cognitive and emotional tasks

Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System 2.8 What are the structures of the brain that control emotion, learning, memory, and motivation?

Click here watch a simulation on the hindbrain and the limbic system on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=Cider&clipID=02-Brain%20Stem%20and%20Limbic%20System.flv&ui=2

o r t e x

The wrinkled outermost covering of the brain

The Two Hemispheres The cortex is divided into two sections called the cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a thick, tough band of neural fibers (axons) called the corpus callosum…The corpus callosum allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate with each other.”

– Learning Objective 2.9 (Ciccarelli & White)

Lecture activities

Four Lobes of the Brain

Both the left and right hemispheres can be roughly divided into four sections.

frontal parietal

temporal occipital

2.9 What parts of the cortex control the different senses and the movement of the body?

The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

The Motor and Somatosensory Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas: Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing • Broca’s area • Wernicke’s area

2.10 What parts of the cortex are responsible for higher forms of thought, such as language?

Click here to watch a simulation on the cerebrum on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=Cider&clipID=03-The%20Human%20Cerebrum.flv&ui=2

Split-Brain Research

Corpus callosum sometimes severed to reduce seizures

• Left visual field: right hemisphere

• Right visual field: left hemisphere

2.11 How does the left side of the brain differ from the right side?

Lecture activities

Left visual field

Right visual field

Optic nerves

Optic chiasm

Visual area of right hemisphere

Visual area of left hemisphere

Corpus callosum (split)

Speech

Specialization of the Two Hemispheres

Left hemisphere:

Controls right hand Spoken language Written language

Mathematical calculations

Logical thought processes

Analysis of detail Reading

Right hemisphere: Controls left hand Nonverbal Visual-spatial perception Music and artistic processing Emotional thought and recognition Processes the whole Pattern recognition Facial recognition

Unless one is a split-brain patient, the two sides of the brain

are always working together as an

integrated whole.

Paying Attention to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD is A developmental disorder

Involves behavioral and cognitive aspects

Inattention Impulsivity Hyperactivity

More than one cause Environment, heredity and personality factors

More than one brain route involved

2.12 What are some potential causes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Lecture Activities

Neural Squeeze Chain

What is your reaction time like? How many inches per second does a neural impulse travel? Let’s find out. We will need a stopwatch, a calculator and a little touching…

If the neural impulse fires with same “strength” every time it fires, how can you tell the difference among different stimulus intensities?

In small groups, discuss how the sympathetic NS functions help out in a “fight or flight” situation. What are the implications when the sympathetic NS remains active for extended time periods?

On the next slide, you will read about three psychological scenarios. In small groups, discuss which brain areas/systems are probably being activated in these scenarios.

Shandra is a painter. She is standing by her easel. The window is open and she can smell the jasmine flowers in her yard. She is painting with her right hand. She can hear her children playing in the background.

Melanie is a police officer. She is preparing for

her rank-advancement exam. It’s late at night. She is reading through some material and viewing pictures related to brutal murder cases. She is drinking coffee and eating a sandwich.

James is a football player. He is the quarterback in a tough game and the home crowd is yelling and screaming. It’s the fourth quarter and James is tired and sweating as he goes up to pass the ball. After passing the ball, he and his teammates execute some very complicated running and passing routes to execute a play.

Complications of Contralateral Wiring

Pair up. One person will be the experimenter and the other will be the subject. Here is the procedure:

1. Subject should extend both arms in front of the body— straight out and parallel to one another.

2. Rotate hands so that palms face away from one another. 3. Cross hands over and clasp (palm-to-palm). The, rotate arms

(with hands clasped) down and back towards the body and then up.

4. Experimenter should point at (but not touch) different fingers on the subjects’ hands and see how quickly the contorted subject can wiggle the correct fingers.

5. Now, reverse roles…

Split-Brain Experiment Sperry and Gazzaniga devised a creative experiment to test hemispheric functioning. In this experiment, visual stimuli were shown to either the LEFT or RIGHT visual fields of split-brain patients.

On the next slide, you will see a red “X.” Stare at the X until you are asked to provide a verbal response.

Trial #1 (Click anywhere to begin)

CONTINUE TRY AGAIN

What did you see?

Trial #2 (Click anywhere to begin)

CONTINUE TRY AGAIN

What did you see?

I saw nothing. How do you think a split-brained patient would respond when asked to identify an object flashed to the LEFT VISUAL FIELD?

It’s a ball! Given what you now know about how the brain processes information from the two visual fields, how do you think a split-brained patient would respond when asked to identify an object flashed to the RIGHT VISUAL FIELD?

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Slide Number 3
Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network
Neuroscience
Structure of the Neuron
Glial Cells
Repairing Nerve Fibers
Generating the Message: The Neural Impulse
Generating the Message: The Neural Impulse
Generating the Message: The Neural Impulse
Generating the Message: The Neural Impulse
The Synapse
Neuronal Communication
Major Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
Cleaning Up the Synapse
Slide Number 17
An Overview of the Nervous System
An Overview of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit”
The Central Nervous System
The Brain
The Spinal Cord
Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons
Neuroplasticity and Stem Cells
The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves on the Edge
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division�
Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division�
Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands
The Endocrine System
Slide Number 34
Looking Inside the Living Brain
Peeking Inside the Brain
From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain
The Major Structures of the Human Brain
The Hindbrain
Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System
Slide Number 41
Slide Number 42
The Two Hemispheres
Four Lobes of the Brain
The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
The Motor and Somatosensory Cortex
Association Areas of the Cortex
Slide Number 48
Split-Brain Research
Specialization of the Two Hemispheres
Paying Attention to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder�
Lecture Activities
Neural Squeeze Chain
Slide Number 54
Slide Number 55
Slide Number 56
Slide Number 57
Complications of Contralateral Wiring
Split-Brain Experiment�
Slide Number 60
Slide Number 61
Slide Number 62
Slide Number 63
Slide Number 64