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___________________________ Principles, Practices, Philosophies

TOURISM

TWELFTH EDITION

Charles R. Goeldner J. R. Brent Ritchie

CHAPTER

Tourism in Perspective

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understand what tourism is and its many definitions.

• Learn the components of tourism and tourism management.

• Examine the various approaches to studying tourism.

• Appreciate how important this industry is to the economy of the world and of many countries.

• Know the benefits and costs of tourism.

DEFINITION OF TOURISM

Tourism may be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors.

UNWTO DEFINITION OF TOURISM

Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.

Source: UNWTO

VISITOR

A “visitor” is defined as those persons who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence but outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

(1) Tourists in international technical definitions. (2) Excursionists in international technical definitions. (3) Travelers whose trips are shorter than those that qualify for travel and tourism; e.g., under 50 miles (80

km) from home. (4) Students traveling between home and school only -- other travel of students is within scope of travel

and tourism. (5) All persons moving to a new place of residence including all one-way travelers, such as emigrants,

immigrants, refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS

THE TOURISM PHENOMENON: COMPONENTS OF TOURISM AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Trav el Tr

ade

Secto r

Accommodation Sector

Ev en

ts Se

ct or

T ransportation

Sector

Adventure & Outdoor

Recreation Sector Food

Serv ices

Sect or

A ttractions Sector E

nt er

ta in

m en

Se ct

Tourism

ServicesWorld & National Travel Industry Associations

World & National Government Tourism Offices

State and Provincial Government Tourism Offices

Local & City Government Tourism Departments

Local & Regional Tourism Associations/ Convention & Visitor Bureaus

State and Provincial Travel Industry Associations

DISCIPLINARY INPUTS TO THE TOURISM FIELD

Source: WTTC

TRAVEL AND TOURISM - WORLD’S LARGEST INDUSTRY

• In 2011 it is estimated to account for some: $5.9 trillion of Economic Activity 258.5 million jobs

• In 2021 it is estimated to account for: $11.9 trillion of Economic Activity 323.8 million jobs

TRAVEL AND TOURISM CAN GROW BY 4% PER YEAR

• Travel and Tourism will continue to expand faster than the economy as a whole and faster than comparable industries.

• By 2021 Travel & Tourism is expected to account for:

• $11.9 trillion • 323.8 million employees

• Growth depends on enlightened government policy

Source: WTTC

WORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM DESTINATIONS 2009

Source: UNWTO

International Tourist Arrivals

Rank, (million) % Change 2009 Country 2009 2009/08

1 France 74.2 -6.3 2 United States 54.9 --5.3 3 Spain 52.2 -8.7 4 China 50.9 -4.1 5 Italy 43.2 1.2

WORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM DESTINATIONS 2010

Source: UNWTO

International Tourist Arrivals

Rank, (million) % Change 2010 Country 2010 2010/09

1 France 76.8 0.0 2 United States 59.7 8.7

n3 China 55.7 9.4 4 Spain 52.7 1.0 5 Italy 43.6 0.9

International Tourism Receipts

Rank, (US$ billion) % Change 2009 Country 2009 2009/08

1 United States 93.9 -14.6 2 Spain 53.2 -9.0 3 France 49.4 -7.9 4 Italy 40.2 -7.2 5 China 39.7 -2.9

Source: UNWTO

WORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM EARNERS 2009

International Tourism Receipts

Rank, (US$ billion) % Change 2010 Country 2010 2010/09

1 United States 103.5 9.9 2 Spain 52.5 -1.2 3 France 46.3 -6.2 4 China 45.8 15.5 5 Italy 38.7 -3.6

Source: UNWTO

WORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM EARNERS 2010

TOURISM: WHAT IT MEANS TO THE U.S. ECONOMY

• Travel spending in U.S. is projected to total $738.5 billion in 2010.

• Tourism is the nation’s third largest retail industry. • Tourism is the nation’s largest service export. • Over 7.4 million Americans employed directly in the travel

industry, 9 million indirectly for a total of over 16 million jobs.

• Tourism provides more than 684,000 executive level positions in each year.

• Travel industry provides a disproportionate number of jobs for the traditionally disadvantaged.

Source: U.S. Travel Association

BENEFITS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Provides employment opportunities

• Generates foreign exchange • Increases Incomes • Increases GNP • Can be built on existing

infrastructure • Develops an infrastructure

that will also help stimulate local commerce and industry

• Can be developed with local products and resources

• Diversifies the economy • Tends to be compatible

with other economic activities

• Spreads development • High multiplier impact • Increases governmental

revenues

BENEFITS OF TOURISM - SOCIAL

• Broadens educational and cultural horizons • Improves quality of life - higher incomes and

improved standards of living • Justifies environmental protection and

improvement • Provides tourist and recreational facilities that

may be used by a local population

BENEFITS OF TOURISM - CULTURAL

• Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition • Visitor interest in local culture provides employment for

artists, musicians and other performing artists enhancing cultural heritage

• Breaks down language barriers, sociocultural barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political barriers, and religious barriers

• Creates a favorable worldwide image for a destination • Promotes a global community • Promotes international understanding and peace

DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Develops excess demand • Results in high leakage • Creates difficulties of seasonality • Causes inflation • Can result in unbalanced economic

development • Increases vulnerability to economic and political

changes

DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM - SOCIAL

• Creates social problems • Degrades the natural physical environment and creates

pollution • Degrades the cultural environment • Threatens family structure • Commercializes culture, religion, and the arts • Creates misunderstanding • Creates conflicts in the host society • Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation, and

transportation problems

___________________________ Principles, Practices, Philosophies

TOURISM

TWELFTH EDITION

Charles R. Goeldner J. R. Brent Ritchie

CHAPTER

Tourism through the Ages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Recognize the antiquity of human travel over vast distances on both sea and land.

• Understand how these journeys have evolved from trips which were difficult and often dangerous to mass travel for millions today.

• Learn about some of the great travelers in history who wrote astonishing accounts of exotic places they had visited.

• Discover the many similarities in travel motivations, economic conditions, political situations, attractions, and tourist facilities during the time of the Roman Empire and that of today.

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

1. Great Pyramids of Egypt (including Sphinx) 2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon 3. Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus 4. Statue of Zeus at Olympia 5. Collosus of Rhodes in the

Harbor at Rhodes 6. Great Lighthouse (Pharos)

in Alexandria, Egypt 7. Temple Artemis at Ephesus Photo courtesy of PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images.

NEW WONDERS OF THE WORLD

• The Great Wall of China • The ancient city of Petra in Jordan • The statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro • Machu Picchu in Peru • The Maya ruins of Chichen Itza

in Mexico • The Colosseum in Rome • India’s Taj Mahal

Photo courtesy of the United Nations.

HISTORIC TRANSPORTATION

• Stagecoach Travel • Water Travel • Rail Travel • Automobile and Motor

Coach Travel • Air Travel

Photo courtesy of Tuolumne County Visitors Bureau.

CHAPTER

Career Opportunities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Evaluate future job opportunities in the tourism field.

• Learn about the careers available. • Discover which might match your interests and

abilities. • Know additional sources of information on

careers.

CAREER POSSIBILITIES

• Airlines • Bus Companies • Cruise Companies • Railroads • Rental Car Companies • Hotel, Motels,

and Resorts • Travel Agencies • Tour Companies • Food Service • GDS Systems • Tourism Education

• Tourism Research • Travel Communications • Recreation

and Leisure • Attractions • Tourist Offices

and Information Centers • Convention and Visitor Bureaus • Meeting Planners • Travel Publications

CAREER PATHS WITHIN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

SAMPLE OCCUPATIONS, VALUES, & INTERESTS