Project Management Techniques

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Introduction

  • Many organizations today have a new or renewed interest in project management.
  • Computer hardware, software, networks, and the use of interdisciplinary and global work teams have radically changed the work environment.
  • The U.S. spends $2.3 trillion on projects every year, or one-quarter its gross domestic product, and the world as a whole spends nearly $10 trillion of its $40.7 gross product on projects of all kinds.*
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Advantages of Using Formal
Project Management

  • Better control of financial, physical, and human resources.
  • Improved customer relations.
  • Shorter development times.
  • Lower costs.
  • Higher quality and increased reliability.
  • Higher profit margins.
  • Improved productivity.
  • Better internal coordination.
  • Higher worker morale (less stress).

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What Is a Project?

  • A project is “a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.”*
  • Operations is work done to sustain the business.
  • A project ends when its objectives have been reached, or the project has been terminated.
  • Projects can be large or small and take a short or long time to complete.
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Project Attributes

  • A project:
  • Has a unique purpose.
  • Is temporary.
  • Is developed using progressive elaboration.
  • Requires resources, often from various areas.
  • Should have a primary customer or sponsor.
  • The project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for the project.
  • Involves uncertainty.
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Project and Program Managers

  • Project managers work with project sponsors, project teams, and other people involved in projects to meet project goals.
  • Program: “A group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually.”*
  • Program managers oversee programs and often act as bosses for project managers.
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The Triple Constraint

  • Every project is constrained in different ways by its:
  • Scope goals: What work will be done?
  • Time goals: How long should it take to complete?
  • Cost goals: What should it cost?
  • It is the project manager’s duty to balance these three often-competing goals.
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Figure 1-1. The Triple Constraint of Project Management

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Successful project management means meeting all three goals (scope, time, and cost) – and satisfying the project’s sponsor!

What is Project Management?

  • Project management is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.”*
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Figure 1-2. Project Management Framework

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Project Stakeholders

  • Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities.
  • Stakeholders include:
  • Project sponsor
  • Project manager
  • Project team
  • Support staff
  • Customers
  • Users
  • Suppliers
  • Opponents to the project
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Nine Project Management
Knowledge Areas

  • Knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop.
  • Four core knowledge areas lead to specific project objectives (scope, time, cost, and quality).
  • Four facilitating knowledge areas are the means through which the project objectives are achieved (human resources, communication, risk, and procurement management).
  • One knowledge area (project integration management) affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas.
  • All knowledge areas are important!
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Project Management Tools and Techniques

  • Project management tools and techniques assist project managers and their teams in various aspects of project management.
  • Specific tools and techniques include:
  • Project charters, scope statements, and WBS (scope).
  • Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analyses, critical chain scheduling (time).
  • Cost estimates and earned value management (cost).
  • See Table 1-1 for other examples.
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Project Portfolio Management

  • Many organizations support an emerging business strategy of project portfolio management:
  • Organizations group and manage projects as a portfolio of investments that contribute to the entire enterprise’s success. (For more information, see Chapter 7, Project Cost Management.)

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Improved Project Performance

The Standish Group’s CHAOS studies show improvements in IT projects in the past decade.*

Why the Improvements?

“The reasons for the increase in successful projects vary. First, the average cost of a project has been more than cut in half. Better tools have been created to monitor and control progress and better skilled project managers with better management processes are being used. The fact that there are processes is significant in itself.”*

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Project Success Factors*

1. Executive support

2. User involvement

3. Experienced project manager

4. Clear business objectives

5. Minimized scope

6. Standard software infrastructure

7. Firm basic requirements

8. Formal methodology

9. Reliable estimates

10. Other criteria, such as small milestones, proper planning, competent staff, and ownership

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The Role of the Project Manager

  • Job descriptions vary, but most include responsibilities such as planning, scheduling, coordinating, and working with people to achieve project goals.
  • Remember that 97 percent of successful projects were led by experienced project managers.
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Table 1-3. Fifteen Project Management Job Functions*

  • Define scope of project.
  • Identify stakeholders, decision-makers, and escalation procedures.
  • Develop detailed task list (work breakdown structures).
  • Estimate time requirements.
  • Develop initial project management flow chart.
  • Identify required resources and budget.
  • Evaluate project requirements.
  • Identify and evaluate risks.
  • Prepare contingency plan.
  • Identify interdependencies.
  • Identify and track critical milestones.
  • Participate in project phase review.
  • Secure needed resources.
  • Manage the change control process.
  • Report project status.
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*

Suggested Skills for Project Managers

  • Project managers need a wide variety of skills.
  • They should:
  • Be comfortable with change.
  • Understand the organizations they work in and with.
  • Lead teams to accomplish project goals.
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Suggested Skills for Project Managers

  • Project managers need both “hard” and “soft” skills.
  • Hard skills include product knowledge and knowing how to use various project management tools and techniques.
  • Soft skills include being able to work with various types of people.
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Suggested Skills for Project Managers

  • Communication skills: Listens, persuades.
  • Organizational skills: Plans, sets goals, analyzes.
  • Team-building skills: Shows empathy, motivates, promotes esprit de corps.
  • Leadership skills: Sets examples, provides vision (big picture), delegates, positive, energetic.
  • Coping skills: Flexible, creative, patient, persistent.
  • Technology skills: Experience, project knowledge.
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Media Snapshot – Good Project Management Skills from The Apprentice

  • Leadership and professionalism are crucial.
  • Know what your sponsor expects from the project, and learn from your mistakes.
  • Trust your team and delegate decisions.
  • Know the business.
  • Stand up for yourself.
  • Be a team player.
  • Stay organized and don’t be overly emotional.
  • Work on projects and for people you believe in.
  • Think outside the box.
  • There is some luck involved in project management, and you should always aim high.

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Table 1-4. Most Significant Characteristics of Effective and Ineffective Project Managers

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Importance of Leadership Skills

  • Effective project managers provide leadership by example.
  • A leader focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives while inspiring people to reach those goals.
  • A manager deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals.
  • Project managers often take on both leader and manager roles.

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Table 1-5. Top Ten Most
In-Demand IT Skills

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Figure 1-3. Top Information Technology Skills

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Information Technology (IT) Skill

Percentage of

Respondents

Chart2

0.6
0.58
0.42
0.41

Sheet1

IT Skill Frequency
Application development 60%
Project management 58%
Database management 42%
Networking 41%

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

Figure 1-4. Sample Gantt Chart

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The WBS is shown on the left, and each task’s start and finish dates

are shown on the right. First used in 1917, early Gantt charts were

drawn by hand.

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Figure 1-5. Sample Network Diagram

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Each box is a project task from the WBS. Arrows show dependencies

between tasks. The bolded tasks are on the critical path. If any task on the critical path takes longer to complete than planned, the whole project will slip unless something is done. Network diagrams were first used in 1958 on the Navy Polaris project before project management software was available.

Project Management Office (PMO)

  • A PMO is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization.
  • Possible goals include:
  • Collect, organize, and integrate project data for the entire organization.
  • Develop and maintain templates for project documents.
  • Develop or coordinate training in various project management topics.
  • Develop and provide a formal career path for project managers.
  • Provide project management consulting services.
  • Provide a structure to house project managers while they are acting in those roles or are between projects.

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Project Management Software

  • Enterprise PM software integrates information from multiple projects to show the status of active, approved, and future projects across an entire organization.
  • It also provides links to more detailed information on each project.
  • Many managers like to see status in color – red, yellow, and green.

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Figure 1-6. Sample Enterprise Project Management Tool

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The Project Management Profession

  • Professional societies such as the Project Management Institute (PMI) have grown significantly.
  • There are specific interest groups in many areas, such as engineering, financial services, health care, and IT.
  • Project management research and certification programs continue to grow.

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Project Management Certification

  • PMI provides certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP).
  • A PMP has documented sufficient project experience, agreed to follow a code of ethics, and passed the PMP exam.
  • The number of people earning PMP certification is increasing quickly.
  • PMI and other organizations are offering new certification programs (see Appendix B).
  • Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition
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Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition

Figure 1-7. Growth in PMP Certification, 1993-2003

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Ethics in Project Management

  • Ethics is an important part of all professions.
  • Project managers often face ethical dilemmas.
  • In order to earn PMP certification, applicants must agree to the PMP code of professional conduct.
  • Several questions on the PMP exam are related to professional responsibility, including ethics.

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Project Management Software

  • There are currently hundreds of different products to assist in performing project management.
  • Three main categories of tools:
  • Low-end tools: Handle single or smaller projects well; cost under $200 per user.
  • Midrange tools: Handle multiple projects and users; cost $200-500 per user; Project 2003 most popular (includes an enterprise version).
  • High-end tools: Also called enterprise project management software; often licensed on a per-user basis; VPMi Enterprise Online (www.vcsonline.com).

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Chapter Summary

  • As the number and complexity of projects continue to grow, it is becoming even more important to practice good project management.
  • A project has several attributes, such as being unique, temporary and developed incrementally.
  • A framework for project management includes project stakeholders, the nine knowledge areas, tools and techniques, and creating project portfolios to ensure enterprise success.
  • Successful project managers must possess and development many skills and lead their teams by example.
  • The project management profession continues to mature as more people become certified and more tools are created.

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Measure

1994 Data

2002 Data

Result

Successful projects

16%

34%

Doubled

Failed projects

31%

15%

Halved

Money wasted on

challenged and

failed projects

$140

B

out

of $250 B

$55 B out of

$255 B

More than

halved

•Leadership by example

•Visionary

•Technically competent

•Decisive

•Good communicator

•Good motivator

•Stands up to upper

management when

necessary

•Supports team members

•Encourages new ideas

•Sets bad example

•Not self-assured

•Lacks technical expertise

•Poor communicator

•Poor motivator

Effective Project Managers Ineffective Project Managers

Rank

IT Skill/J

ob

Average Annual Salary

1

SQL Database Analyst

$80,664

2

Oracle Database Analyst

$87,144

3

C/C++ Programmer

$95,829

4

Visual Basic Programmer

$76,903

5

E

-

commerce/Java Developer

$89,163

6

Windows NT/2000 Expert

$80,639

7

Windows/Java Developert

$93

,785

8

Security Architect

$86,881

9

Project Manager

$95,719

10

Network Engineer

$82,906

Paul Ziv, “The Top 10 IT Skills in Demand,” Global Knowledge Webcast

(

www.globalknowledge.com

) (11/20/2002).

60%

58%

42%

41%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Application

development

Project managementDatabase

management

Networking

1,000

1,900

2,800

4,400

6,415

10,086

18,184

27,052

40,343

52,443

76,550

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Year

# PMPs