History
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CH01.PPTNEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS
America: Past and Present
Chapter 1
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Native American Histories before Conquest
- 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants
- 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of South America.
- These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases
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Routes of the First Americans
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The Environmental Challenge:
Food, Climate, and Culture
- Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat
- Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species
- Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role
- 5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution
- Crops include maize, squash, and beans
- Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities
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Mysterious Disappearances
- Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon
- Sophisticated irrigation
- Well-built roads for transportation
- Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley
- Large ceremonial mounds
- Extensive trade network
- Cahokia—Mississippi Valley
- Large ceremonial mounds
- Far-flung trade network
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Aztec Dominance
- Aztecs settle valley of Mexico
- Center of large, powerful empire
- Highly organized social and political structure
- Rule through fear and force
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
- Atlantic Coast of North America
- Native Americans lived in smaller bands
- Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering
- Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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A World Transformed
- Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures
- The rate of change varied from place to place
- Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival
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Cultural Negotiations
- Diversity of language groups, ethnicities
- Define place in society through kinship
- Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation
- Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships
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Confederacies
of Eastern North America
- Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie
- Iroquois--Central New York
- Powhattans--Chesapeake
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Threats to Survival: Trade
- Native Americans were eager for European trade
- They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
- Commerce also influenced warfare patterns
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Threats to Survival: Disease
- Contact brings population decline among American Indians
- Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease
- smallpox
- measles
- influenza
- Rate as high as ninety-five percent
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West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
- Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures
- Islam
- Strong traditional beliefs
- A history of empires
- Mali
- Ghana
- Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans
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Trade Routes in Africa
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Beginnings of the
Slave Trade
- 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa
- Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves
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How Many Slaves?
- 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year
- 18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas
- By 1860--ca. 11 million
- Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.
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Europe on the Eve of Conquest
- 10th Century --Leif Ericson settles “Vinland”
- Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained
- rise of nation-states
- spread of new technologies
- spread of old knowledge.
- 1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization
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Building New Nation-States
- Population growth after 1450
- “New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces
- Spain
- France
- England
- “Middle class” a new source of revenue
- Powerful military forces deployed
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Imagining a New World
- Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization
- Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella
- 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled
- Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization
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Myths and Reality
- Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”
- 1492--Initial voyage
- Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China
- 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient
- Made possible Spanish dominion in America
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The Conquistadores
- Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands
- By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated
- By 1521--Cortés destroys Aztec Empire
- 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast
- 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest
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Voyages of European Exploration
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From Plunder to Settlement
- Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors
- Large land grants
- Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute
- Appointed officials answer only to Crown
- Catholic Church
- Protects Indian rights
- Performs mass conversions
- By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World
- Unmarried males intermarry
- Mixed-blood population emerges
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The French Claim Canada
- 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
- French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
- French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement
- Fur trade underpins economy
- Indians become valued trading partners
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The English Enter the Competition
- Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
- Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I
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Birth of English Protestantism
- English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation
- 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany
- 1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva
- Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics
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The English Reformation
- Tudor monarchs bring political unity
- Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthens Crown
- Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
- Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English Catholic Counterreformation
- Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English Reformation
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Militant Protestantism
- Lutheran Reformation
- God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests
- Justification by faith alone for salvation
- Calvinist Reformation
- John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence
- Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation
- Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe
- France—Huguenots
- Scotland—Presbyterians
- England—Puritans
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Woman in Power
- Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch
- Elizabeth introduces Via Media
- Protestant Doctrine
- “Catholic” Ritual
- Ends religious turmoil in England
- Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England
- England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers
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Religion, War, and Nationalism
- Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood
- Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes
- Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire
- 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated
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Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement
- English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World
- To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric
- They would view Native Americans the same way
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English Conquest of Ireland
- Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization
- Irish viewed as backward
- English under Elizabeth seize Irish land
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English Brutality
- English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile
- English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance such as massacre of women and children
- English adventurers compare Native Americans with “wild” Irish
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An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
- Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584
- He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen
- The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587
- The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery
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Campaign to Sell America
- By 1600 no English settlements in New World
- Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization
- Claimed that England needs American colonies
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0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
Coast N.
America
Peru
Pre-Contact
100 years after
Contact
