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CH_5Classical_and_Hellenistic_1020.ppt
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Classical Greece

Classical Greece

  • The Greeks called themselves Hellenes and their country Hellas
  • 600 BCE – Sappho, ‘the poetess’, establishes the first learning academy foe women on the island of Lesbos
  • Some poems of Sappho - http://www.uh.edu/~ cldue/texts/sappho.html
  • Sacred Band of Thebes – elite fighting force of the Theban city-state
  • Greeks fought with infantry (hoplites) that fought in the battle formation called the phalanx – greatest formation at the time
  • Southern Italy and Sicily were part of Greece and called magna graecia (greater Greece)
  • Great citizens were called perioeci, slaves were called helots

Classical Greece

  • 500 – 404 BCE Athens Golden Age
  • 490 BCE – Athens defeats the Persians at Battle of Marathon
  • 480 BCE – Athens and the acropolis are destroyed by Persian invasion force
  • 480 BCE – Athenian navy defeats Persian navy at Battle of Salamis
  • 479 BCE – Athens and Sparta defeat Persian army at Battle of Plataea
  • 461 – 429 BCE Pericles rules Athens as strategos
  • Pericles Funeral Speech - https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.asp
  • 431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian War between Athens & Sparta – Sparta wins
  • 423-411 BCE – Aristophanes “the father of comedy” writes The Clouds (making fun of Socrates and his followers) and Lysistrata (a play about how women could stop the Pelopponesian War - https://www.gutenberg.org/files/7700/7700-h/7700-h.htm

Classical Greece

  • Theater is developed by the Greeks, the three standards of comedy, tragedy and drama are all invented. The first use of drama was by the Greek Thespis, the word Thespian (actor/actress) comes firm his name.
  • Aeschylus, the playwright, however is called the “father of drama” because he added a second character to the play. His Orestia trilogy (three related plays) focus on Agamemnon after his return from Trojan War. The first play is named Agamemnon - http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/agamemnon.html
  • Sophocles added a third actor to the stage in his Theban trilogy, the first play which is the famous Oedipus Rex where the Freudian theory of the Oedipal complex was derived - http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/oedipus.html
  • The last great dramatist was Euripides who wrote the Bacchae, detailing the mystery cult of the festival of Bacchanalia - http://classics.mit.edu/Euripides/bacchan.html

Classical Greece

  • Greeks were polytheistic – had many gods – the 12 leading gods were known as The Olympians
  • The Greek gods lived upon Mt Olympus
  • There were also demi-gods – half god half human (Herakles) and heroes (Achilles, Perseus, Theseus, etc).

Classical Greece

  • The 12 Olympians were:
  • Zeus – king of gods, god of lightning, the skies
  • Poseidon – god of the sea, water
  • Hades – god of the underworld
  • Hera – queen of the gods, goddess of marriage
  • Aphrodite – goddess of love, beauty
  • Apollo – god of sun, music, archery
  • Athena – goddess of wisdom, war
  • Ares – god of war
  • Artemis – goddess of moon, the hunt
  • Hestia – goddess of the home, the hearth
  • Hermes – messenger of the gods, medicine
  • Haphaestus – god of metalwork, the forge
  • ** Dionysius – god of wine, the theater, altered states (added to 12 later)

Classical Greece

  • Key terms
  • Agora – public square
  • Acropolis – citadel on a hill
  • Stoa – roofed colonnade
  • Cella – center of the temple where statue of the god stood
  • Strategos – literally ‘general’ but an elected position of power in the Athenian government

Characteristics of Classical Greek Art

  • Emotionless, expressionless faces
  • Perfection is sought in human form
  • Man is the measure of all things
  • Golden ratio used in buildings – exact ratios
  • Attempt at the ideal
  • Man has control over nature is a theme

Classical Greece - Art

  • Temple of Apollo 650BCE
  • Delphi, Greece
  • Trophonious and Agamedes
  • Delphi was the most sacred place in ancient Greece, the oracle of Apollo spoke their and predicted the future

Classical Greece - Art

  • Tholos of Athena Pronaia
  • 380 BCE
  • Delphi, Greece
  • Theodorus of Phocis
  • It was multicolored marble to create a visual masterpiece

Classical Greek Art

  • Kritios Boy
  • 480 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Kritios
  • First statue to use contrapposto and stand in true sense with weight shifted

Classical Greek - Art

  • The Charioteer of Dephi
  • 478-474 BCE
  • Delphi, Greece
  • Pythagoras of Samos
  • Built in tribute to Polyzalus of Gela’s victory in the Pythian Games
  • Best surviving bronze form ancient Greece, most were melted down for later wars

Warrior

from the sea off Riace, Italy

ca. 460-450 B.C.E.

bronze

78 in. high

Found complete because it is from an ancient shipwreck

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Classical Greek Art

  • Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)
  • 450 – 440 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Polykleitos
  • Only exists in Roman copies
  • Greeks called in the canon (meaning rule or measure)
  • This was considered the best example of contrapposto.

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Zeus (or Poseidon?)

from the sea off Cape
Artemision, Greece

ca. 460-450 B.C.E.

bronze

82 in. high

Not sure which god because item is missing from his hands to identify him

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Classical Greek Art

  • Discobolus (Discus Thrower)
  • 450 BCE
  • Olympia, Greece
  • Artist: Myron
  • Roman copy of Greek bronze
  • Tribute to athlete
  • Perfection of frozen movement

Classical Greece - Art

  • Birth of Aphrodite (Ludovisi Throne)
  • 460 BCE
  • Magna Graecia
  • Because this theme does not exist elsewhere in Greek art, there are some who doubt it is Aphrodite and instead claim Persephone or Hera and even doubt it is authentic at all

Banqueting Scene, panel from the Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, Italy.
Early fifth century BCE.

Banqueting Scene, panel from the Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, Italy.
Early fifth century BCE.

Classical Greece - Art

  • Acropolis
  • c. 470-420 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artists: Iktinos, Kallikrates, Phidias, Mneskiles
  • Rebuilt by Pericles after it was destroyed by Persians
  • Citadel on a hill

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Inc.

Greek. Map: Athens as it appeared in the late fifth century BCE.

Model of the Acropolis. ca. 400 BCE.

Model of the Acropolis. ca. 400 BCE.

Classical Greece - Art

  • Parthenon
  • 448-432 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Iktinos, Kallikrates and Phidias
  • Considered most perfect building by architects
  • Uses the Golden Ratio
  • Roof was blown off by Venetians during war with Turks

Classical Greece - Art

Greek. The Stoa of Attalus, Athens, Greece. 150 BCE.

Greek. The Stoa of Attalus, Athens, Greece. 150 BCE.

Classical Greece - Art

  • Three Goddesses
  • 438-432 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Phidias
  • Usually identified as Hestia, Dione, Aphrodite
  • The drapery appears wet and hence is called – wet drapery

Classical Greece - Art

  • Procession of Women
  • 440 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Phidias
  • Physical types idealized
  • Concept of unity and variety – similar enough to unify the whole yet different to capture the eye

Classical Greece - Art

  • The Propylaia
  • 437-432 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Mnesikles
  • This was the monumental entrance way into the acropolis
  • Similar to Doric temple

Classical Greek Art – The Propylaia Stairwell

Classical Greek Art

  • Erechtheion
  • 421-405 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Mnesikles
  • Served as temple that held sacred olive tree and sacred salt water pool

Erechtheion

Acropolis, Athens, Greece

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Classical Greek Art

  • Porch of the Caryatids (from the Erechtheum)
  • 421 – 405 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Mneskiles
  • Temple was dedicated to legendary king of Athens Erechtheus
  • Porch was used for public speeches
  • Use of female figures as columns

Classical Greek Art

  • Temple of Athena Nike
  • 427 – 424 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Kallikrates
  • Use of Ionic columns
  • Temple dedicated to Athena Victorious as protector of city of Athens

Hellenistic Greece

Late Classical Greek Art

  • Socrates
  • 350 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Lysippos
  • Copy of Greek bronze
  • Socrates is considered the first great philosopher of the West
  • Most of what we know about him comes from his students
  • The Euthyphro is a great example of his thought - https://genius.com/Plato-euthyphro-full-text-annotated

Late Classical Greek Art

  • Plato
  • 350 – 340 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Silanion
  • Plato is considered western history’s greatest philosopher
  • Plato was his nickname meaning “broad one”
  • Platos’ views on women as equal to men were way ahead of his time as seen in Book V of his Republic - http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/allegory.html - so far ahead that no philopspher diuscussed women as equals again until the 1800s

Philosophy
in the Late Classical Period

  • Plato (428 – 347 BCE)
  • Disciple of Socrates
  • Apology, Crito, Phaedo
  • The Academy – first school of higher learning
  • Political theory / ideal society shown in his republic
  • Theory of Forms/idealism
  • Inspired by chaos of 4th c. Greek politics

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Philosophy
in the Late Classical Period

  • Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE)
  • Pupil of Plato
  • Tutor to Alexander the Great
  • The Lyceum – second major school of higher learning
  • Platonist vs. Aristotelian still 2 major schools of philosophy
  • Metaphysics, Physics, Rhetoric, Poetics
  • World of the senses/realism - materialism
  • “Master of those who know.”
  • Developed scientific method

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Hellenistic Greece

  • 388 – 322 BCE Aristotle’s life
  • 360 – 336 BCE – Philip II King of Macedon begins conquest of Greece
  • 343 – 340 BCE – Aristotle is assigned as tutor for Alexander III
  • 338 BCE – Greece united under Philip II of Macedon
  • 336 BCE – Assassination of Philip II ; Alexander III becomes king
  • 334 – 330 BCE – Alexander conquers Persian Empire
  • 327 BCE – Alexander reaches India but is forced to return by troops
  • June 10, 323 BCE – Alexander dies of fever in Babylon
  • 323 – 30 BCE Alexander’s Empire is split by his generals and ruled over as Hellenism spreads throughout Mediterranean World
  • Hellenistic World includes Persia, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, parts of India, Italy, southern France and southern Spain.

Hellenistic Greek Art

  • Hellenistic Art Aspired to:
  • Show that idealism was not important
  • Show that maybe humans could NOT impose order on nature and the universe
  • Believe that perfection was NOT attainable
  • Show more truth and reality in art
  • Make art more human and emotional

Hellenistic Art Characteristics

  • Dramatic
  • Violent
  • Erotic
  • Spontaneous
  • Passionate
  • Emotional

Alexander’s Hellenistic Empire

Classical Greek Art

  • Theater of Epidauros
  • 350 BCE
  • Epidauros, Greece
  • Artist: Polykleitos the Younger
  • Best natural acoustics in the world; Greek theaters were all built into the sides of hills, never freestanding like Roman theaters

Plan: Theater at Epidaurus (line drawing). Early third century BCE.

Plan: Theater at Epidaurus (line drawing). Early third century BCE.

Philoxenes of Eretria

Battle of Issus

From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy

ca. 310 B.C.E.

tessera Mosaic

8 ft. 10 in. x 16 ft. 9 in.

Shows Alexander battling the Persian Emperor

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli ABD
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Hellenistic Art

  • Alexander the Great
  • 330 BCE
  • Pella, Macedonia
  • Roman copy of bronze
  • Alexander was perhaps the greatest military general the world has seen
  • His empire spread Hellenism to the east

Greek Art

  • Hermes and the Infant Dionysius
  • 350-300 BCE
  • Olympia, Greece
  • Praxiteles ?
  • Found in the ruins of the Temple of Hera
  • Unbalanced pose and naturalism are unique for the period and begins the Hellenistic movement in art

Greek Art

  • Aphrodite of Knidos or Knidian Aphrodite
  • 350-300 BCE
  • Knidos, Greece
  • Artist: Praxiteles
  • This is a Roman copy, there are many versions of this.
  • Praxiteles chose marble rather than bronze to work in
  • First nude monumental statue
  • Blatant use of eroticism
  • Early example of change from Classical to Hellenistic

Greek Art

Greek Art

  • Apoxymenos (The Scraper)
  • 330 BCE
  • Athens, Greece
  • Artist: Lysippos
  • Arm extending out into space for first time in sculpture
  • Roman copies only exist
  • Shows an athlete scraping oil from his skin with a strigil

Greek Art

  • Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
  • 353-350 BCE
  • Halicarnassus, Turkey
  • Satyros and Pythius of Priene and Leochares
  • Built for the Satrap Mausolus of the Persian Empire
  • The word mausoleum comes from this tomb (his name)
  • It was one of the 7 Wonders of the World

Mausoleum of Halicarnassus - reproduction

Hellenistic Art

  • Apollo Belvedere
  • 350-325 BCE
  • Anzio, Italy
  • Leochares
  • Hands were added in Renaissance
  • Marble copy of bronze original
  • Inspired the neo-Classical movement in art in the 1700s

Hellenistic Greek Art

  • Aphrodite of Melos (Venus di Milo)
  • 190 – 130 BCE
  • Melos, Greece
  • Artist: Alexandros of Antioch
  • One of the 3 masterpieces of Hellenistic art
  • Erotic pose and drapery
  • Return to classical smile

Hellenistic Art

  • Dying Gaul
  • 230-220 BCE
  • Pergamon, Turkey
  • Epigonus?
  • Roman copy of bronze original
  • Depicts a dying Gaul to celebrate the victory of Attalus I over the Celts

Hellenistic Greek Art

  • Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory)
  • 200 - 190 BCE
  • Samothrace, Greece
  • Artist: Pythokritos of Rhodes
  • One of the 3 Masterpieces of Hellenistic art
  • Part of a monument to a naval victory by Eudamos of Rhodes
  • Rare instance of a monument and statue being found in its original location – found in 1863
  • Captures movement of wind

Hellenistic Greek Art

  • Altar of Zeus
  • 180 – 160 BCE
  • Pergamon, Turkey
  • Finest example of existing Hellenistic architecture
  • Sculpture on the friezes is full of movement, violence and emotion

Hellenistic Greek Art

  • Athena and Alkyoneus
  • 166-156 BCE
  • Pergamon, Turkey
  • High relief shows play of shadows to create depth
  • Emotion and movement portrayed effectively
  • Page 93 – not quite correct title

Hellenistic Greek Art

  • Laocoon
  • 1st century BCE
  • Rhodes, Greece
  • Artists: Hagesandros, Athanodoros & Polydoros
  • One of the 3 great masterpieces of Hellenistic Art
  • Extreme show of emotion, violence and passion

Hellenistic Art

  • Belvedere Torso
  • 1st century BCE
  • Rome, Italy
  • Appolonius
  • There are various theories to who is represented here as he sits on a panther skin – Hercules, Polyphemus, Marsyas and Ajax have all been offered up as possible
  • The sculpture inspired Michelangelo who was painting the Sistine Chapel when he first saw it

Hellenistic Art

  • The Boxer (at Rest)
  • 330-50 BCE (varies)
  • Rome, Italy
  • Found in the Baths of Constantine
  • Details include
  • broken nose

Aphrodite, Eros and Pan

from Delos, Greece

ca. 100 B.C.E.

marble

52 in. high

Dramatic movement is typical of Hellenistic Art

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Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)

ca. 230-200 B.C.E.

marble

85 in. high

Captures a more intimate moment as he melds back into the tree

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Old Market Woman

ca. 150-100 B.C.E.

marble

54 in. high

Dramatic realism and even slight eroticism

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Hellenistic Art

Hellenistic Art

Greek Art

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