IDES 312 – Glossary words for the slide deck.

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Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 49

The Bauhaus

1919 – 1933

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The Bauhaus

Innovative German school of art & design founded by Walter Gropius in 1919

Strives to unite art, craftsmanship, & technology in design that reflects modern life

Combines foundations course & workshop experiences train students in theory & form, materials & methods of fabrication

Goal to design for & assume roles in modern industry

Eschews style but works have similar appearance

Emphasis on function, mass production, geometric form, no applied ornament, new materials, new construction methods

Significant influence on art education, architecture, interiors, furniture, decorative arts, textiles

Concepts

Emphasis on function, honest statement of form, truth of materials, good design for mass production, use of machine by designer/artist, integration of fine & applied art, economy, practicality, a new kind of beauty based upon these principles

Theory grows out of practice

Style, historicism, ornament avoided

Strive to meet users’ needs, which are assumed to be the same

Beliefs--democratizing design will reform society & vision of arts & craftspeople collaborating

Influences: contemporary art; Arts & Crafts Movement; Frank Lloyd Wright, Chicago School; far eastern philosophies; Adolf Loos

Characteristics and Motifs

Strive to avoid a style but stress asymmetry, straight lines, rectangles, flat planes

Geometric shapes & forms combined with linear elements to create unity

Light/dark relationships important

Machine aesthetic: functionality, simplicity, purity, anonymity, standardization, flexibility

Modern industrial materials, primary colors, no applied ornament

Motifs: none because ornament is avoided; some architects create unique details on their work

Architecture

Modern industrial products that stress purpose & form

Asymmetrical, devoid of applied ornament, 3-dimensional—must experience from all sides

Experiment with mass & rectangular form

Regularity a guiding principle & from standardization of construction parts

Flat roofs—controversial because seen as anti-German

No architecture department until 1925 at Dessau; Gropius’s commissions allow collaboration

Design houses, apartments, offices, public housing

Often collaborating with other Bauhaus workshops

49.2a

Bauhaus buildings (studio, administration, classrooms, and workshops), 1925; Dessau, Germany; Walter Gropius. The Bauhaus.

49.2b

Bauhaus building, detail of workshop wing, 1925; Dessau, Germany; Walter Gropius. The Bauhaus.

Long Description:

The facade has a flat roof with a narrow flat cornice. The flat unornamented facade has vertical emphasis. The facade has fixed glass windows in a grid pattern. Solid and void relationships are important. The entry door is recessed.

49.2c

Bauhaus Master’s House, 1925; Dessau, Germany; Walter Gropius. The Bauhaus.

Long Description:

The building is one story building. The ground floor has rectangle windows. The walls are plain. The building is an asymmetrical structure. The top story has a balustrade with a line pattern. The portico is supported with plain columns.

49.2d

Office of the Director, Bauhaus, 1925; Dessau, Germany; Walter Gropius. The Bauhaus.

Long Description:

The ceiling is plain. The walls have woven fabric that has lines and geometrical patterns. The table and chairs are arranged. The chair has a cushion and rectangular armrests. The floor has a rug with checked patterns.

49.3a

German Pavilion (rebuilt), International Exposition, 1929; Barcelona, Spain; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

49.3b

German Pavilion (rebuilt), International Exposition floor plan, 1929; Barcelona, Spain; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

49.3c

German Pavilion (rebuilt), International Exposition interior, 1929; Barcelona, Spain; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

Long Description:

The Germain Pavilion has a plain, flat ceiling. The marble wall divides space and delineates the flow of circulation. It has glass windows and the light filters in through glass windows. The integration of exterior and interior through glass is visible. The Barcelona chair is located in the open space. The rug defines the seating area. It has a Travertine floor.

49.3d

German Pavilion (rebuilt), International Exposition interior, 1929; Barcelona, Spain; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

Long Description:

The Germain Pavilion has a plain, flat ceiling. The marble wall divides space and delineates the flow of circulation. It has glass windows and the light filters in through glass windows. A female sculpture is close to the wall. The wall is decorated with tiles.

49.4a

Tugendhat House, 1930; Brno, Czechoslovakia; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

Long Description:

The Tugendhat House is a one-story building. It has an open balcony. The walls have glass windows. The bottom floor has stairs and a wall railing.

49.4b

Tugendhat House, 1930; Brno, Czechoslovakia; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

Long Description:

The ceiling is plain. The walls are decorated with random patterns. The transparent glass walls are on the sides. The chairs with cushion seats, x-form legs, and with or without armrests are arranged.

49.4c

Tugendhat House, 1930; Brno, Czechoslovakia; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

Long Description:

The circular room has a plain ceiling with one hanging lamp. The walls are decorated with wallpaper that has random line patterns. A circular table with eight chairs is arranged.

49.5

Apartment complex, Weissenhof Housing Development, 1926-1927; Stuttgart, Germany; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (planning director) with others.

Long Description:

The apartment complex has numerous houses of similar design in series. The complex is a two-story building. The facade has rectangular glass windows decorated with draperies. The balconies with balustrade with line patterns.

Interiors

Interiors repeat exterior vocabulary--simplicity, functionality, standardization, anonymity, flexibility

Geometric forms, industrial materials, no applied ornament

Efficient, hygienic, economical in space & time like factories

Multipurpose rooms, light filled with minimal furniture, patterns, & colors to simplify housekeeping

Standardization of parts—sizes, shapes, proportions, details

Built-in furniture common

Furniture arrangements: ordered, geometric & integrated with interior architecture

Most in open space instead of against walls

49.7

Textiles: Wall hanging from the weaving workshop, the Bauhaus, c. 1920s; Germany; Benita Otte. The Bauhaus.

49.8

Lighting: top: wall sconce; bottom from left: table lamp and floor lamp, c. 1920s; Germany. The Bauhaus.

Furnishings and Decorative Arts

Unornamented, radically different from others; shares design concepts as exteriors & Interiors

Often of metal, simple, functional, no applied ornament, no historical stylistic references

Geometric, anonymous, well made, hygienic, lightweight, space saving

Designed to be machine made; standardization of forms, interchangeable parts

User needs investigated in design process

Breuer & others experiment with tubular steel for furniture, cantilevered construction & factory production

New vocabulary emulating machine aesthetic of architecture

49.9a

Wassily Chair, 1925-1926; Germany; Marcel Breuer. The Bauhaus.

49.9b

Cesca Chairs, 1928; Germany; Marcel Breuer. The Bauhaus.

49.9c

Nesting tables, 1925; Germany; Marcel Breuer. The Bauhaus.

49.10a

Left: M R Chair, 1926 and right: Brno chair, 1919-1930; Germany; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The Bauhaus.

49.10b

Barcelona Chair,, 1929; Barcelona, Spain; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The Bauhaus.

49.10c

Table with glass top and steel base, 1929-1930; Germany; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The Bauhaus.

49.10d

Platform couch, 1929-1930; Germany; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The Bauhaus.

49.11

Desk, 1923-1921; Germany; Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. The Bauhaus.

49.12

Decorative Arts: Metalwork, 1924-1925; Germany; M. Brandt. The Bauhaus.

Long Description:

A steel pan with handles and a lid. A vertical jar to store water has a valve less faucet and a handle. A cylindrical steel jar with a handle. A dome shaped steel jar has a valve less faucet and arched handle and base. and a valve less faucet. A pan type jar with a handle and a valve less faucet.

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IDES 312 – Glossary words for the slide deck.

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