IDES 312 – Glossary words for the slide deck.

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Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 47

Modern Forerunners

1900 – 1920s

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Modern Forerunners

Beginning of 20th century, some architects advance search for modern architecture to express spirit of new age

Unified purpose but different approaches & aesthetics & results

Individual experimentation, theory, personal expression

Share emphasis on function, structure, construction, new materials, urban planning

Important designers in themselves but their work influential

Simpler, less ornamented architecture

Adoption of new materials, construction methods

Influences future modern developments

Concepts

Americans & Europeans experiment with form & structure forming new, diverse ideas

Economically practical, functional, expresses modern life, meets user needs, attempts to reform society

Draw upon many sources

Classicism; Gothic churches; earlier architects, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, C.F.A. Voysey; Chicago School; Vienna Secession; European traditional & vernacular architecture; factories & warehouses

Avant-garde art movements such as Expressionism

Urban planning, especially futurist solutions that blend architecture & engineering & unify designs of working & living spaces

Characteristics And Motifs

New visual language without references to the past

Form communicates construction, function, machine aesthetic in plain unadorned, utilitarian buildings

Reinforced concrete construction, metal structure, large areas of glass

Solid/void relationships, mass, form hard edges, interpenetration of space, minimalism; geometric volumes, axial relationships

Some more expressive, organic, sculptural; curves, movement

Individual designs based on new language--pure & precise; stripped down classicism; expressionist

No vocabulary of motifs

Architecture

Nationalist & Regionalist innovators—affects local & regional architecture; Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Netherlands

American Innovators—Frank Lloyd Wright through organic & unique work; Irving Gill, plain unadorned

Form Innovators—new building forms; Peter Behrens in factories; Adolf Loos total rejection of ornament

Expressionist Innovators—unique, organic, sculptural; Hans Poelzig; Eric Mendelsohn

Constructionist Innovators—introduce new or revised construction methods & uses for new or existing materials; August Perret use of concrete; Henri Sauvage low cost apartment houses

47.1

Amsterdam Stock Exchange; 1898-1903; Amsterdam, Netherlands; Henrik Petrus Berlage. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The facade has arched entrances. The facade wall has rectangle blocks in series and repetitive leaving small openings. The surface below the rectangular blocks has floral motifs. The rectangular and arched windows are on the walls. The left corner has a huge tower with a clock and a room on the top with an arched balcony and balustrades. The building has a slanting roof and chimneys on the roof.

47.2a

Unity Temple, 1906; Oak Park, Illinois; Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern Forerunners.

47.2b

Unity Temple floor plans, 1906; Oak Park, Illinois; Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The ground floor plan from left to right shows the storage on the left, closer on the top and at the bottom, and a foyer in the middle. Two classrooms are on the top, and at the bottom. A unity house is in the middle of the classrooms. A kitchen is on the right end. The auditorium level floor plan from left to right shows the north alcove is on the left, east alcove is on the top, and the west alcove is at the bottom. The auditorium is in the middle. The organ space is in front of the auditorium. The balcony classrooms are on the east, and west. The sewing room is on the right.

47.2c

Unity Temple nave, 1906; Oak Park, Illinois; Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The rear wall has a concave rectangle stage that has an attic. The wall is decorated with lines. The tables are arranged. The side walls have multi level compartments. The hanging lamps are on the left and the right.

47.3

A. E. G. Turbine Factory, 1908-1910; Berlin, Germany; Peter Behrens. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The factory building has a rounded gable roof and battered corner piers. The walls have large gridded glass windows. The side walls have vertical steel beams for colonnade along the wall. The side windows permit light to filter within. The facade is plain, simple, and unornamented.

47.4

Fagus Shoe Factory, 1911-1912; Alfeld-an-der-Leine Germany; Walter Gropius and Adolph Meyer. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The entrance has a portico decorated with simple lines, and stairs. The wall has concrete frames and beams that accommodate stained transparent glass walls with windows. The facade has a clock. The top roof is plain and flat. A chimney stack is on the right. The top horizontal beam has text that reads Karl Benicheidt.

47.5

Einstein Tower, 1919-1924; Potsdam, Germany; Eric Mendelsohn. Modern Forerunners.

47.6

Steiner House, 1910; Vienna, Austria. Adolf Loos. Modern Forerunners.

47.7

Walter L. Dodge House, 1914-1916; Los Angeles, California; Irving Gill. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The building has a portico with a canopy. The main gate is decorated with floral and line patterns. The windows have simple rectangle frames and glass doors with draperies. The chimneys are on the left and the right corners. The walls are plain. A garden, lawn, and fountain are in front of the house.

47.8

Hollyhock (Barnsdall) House, 1919-1921; Los Angeles, California; Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The house has an asymmetrical structure and a portico supported by columns. The facade wall has pedestals with a concave surface. The small vertical columns are arranged in series above the entrance and on the side wall. The stair railing has human sculptures on its terminal. The house has a garden and lawn.

Interiors

Many also design interiors & contribute to designs of furniture & decorative arts

Interiors usually repeat exterior characteristics

Functional, simple, utilitarian, unadorned

New construction methods & materials also inside to reinforce modern appearance

Some have formal order & references to historical forms, such as columns

Familiarity of designer & user

Most do not design furniture

47.9a

Central atrium, Larkin Building, 1903-1906; Buffalo, New York; Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The ceiling has a glass roof to let natural light in. It is a multi story building. The rear wall has glass windows. The floors of the multiple story have balconies. The numerous long tables and chairs are arranged in horizontal series. The males are seated on the left and right sides of the table. The females are seated at the center of the table. The Pedestal lamps are on the left and the right sides.

47.9b

Desk and office chairs, Larkin Building, 1903-1906; Buffalo, New York; Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

A large desk has drawers. The vases and plant pots are on the desk. The chairs are arranged around the desk. The chairs have plain rectangle armrests and three legs extend from the central axis.

47.10

American Bar, 1907; Vienna, Austria; Adolf Loos. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The roof is made of wood supported by iron beams and columns. The ceiling has geometrical patterns. A top portion of the walls are stained glasses and three fourth of the walls are made of wood. A large photographic frame of a person is fixed on the rear wooden wall. The side wooden walls have shelves and pedestal lamps. The cushioned sofa and chairs are arranged with table lamps. The floor has a checkerboard pattern.

47.11

Textiles: Tapestry, 1909; Germany; Peter Behrens and fabric; 1910s-1920s; United States; Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern Forerunners.

47.12

Nave, Notre-Dame du Raincy, 1923-1924; near Paris, France; August Perret. Modern Forerunners.

Long Description:

The nave has large concrete vaulted ceiling supported by concrete columns. The walls have precast concrete panels and stained glass. The altar is at the central axis. The simple movable chairs are arranged all over the hall, with a passage.

Furnishings and Decorative Arts

Most innovative architects pay little attention to furniture, decorative arts

Select or design pieces reflecting Arts & Crafts Movement principles

Plain, simple, unadorned

Exceptions

Behrens who designs pieces for particular project

Wright who creates furniture & decorative arts for complete unity

Architectonic, simplicity, human scale, inventiveness

Severe, angular, uncomfortable

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IDES 312 – Glossary words for the slide deck.

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