Ethical Code of Conduct
22
Employee Rights and Responsibilities
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Man never fastened one end of a chain around the neck of his brother that God did not fasten the other end round the neck of the oppressor.
—Lamartine (1790–1869)
Learning Objectives
The reader, upon completion of this chapter, will be able to:
• Describe and understand the rights of employees.
• Describe and understand the responsibilities of employees.
• Describe the contents of the caregiver’s pledge as presented here.
This chapter presents an overview of the rights and responsibilities of employees in the healthcare setting, many of which are expressed in both federal and state laws. Healthcare organizations are not exempt from the impact of these laws and are required to take into account employment practices, such as wages, hours, working conditions, union activity, workers’ compensation laws, occupational safety and health laws, and employment
discrimination laws.
22.1 EMPLOYEE RIGHTS
Employment at will does not abrogate employee rights. Employees have faced discrimination involving age, race, creed, color, gender, wages, benefits, wrongful termination, as well as a host of other common labor issues. A variety of federal and state laws protect employee rights to be treated fairly in the workplace. The following listing describes but a few of the rights and responsibilities of employees in the workplace. As this chapter reveals, fairly balancing the rights and responsibilities of the employee and employer is not always an easy task.
Equal Pay for Equal Work
The Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 prohibits gender discrimination in the payment of wages for women and men performing substantially equal work in the same establishment and requires that employees who perform equal work receive equal pay. There are situations in which wages may be unequal as long as they are based on factors other than gender, such as in the case of a formalized seniority system or a system that objectively measures earnings by the quantity or quality of production.
Refuse to Participate in Care
Caregivers have a right to refuse to participate in certain aspects of patient care and treatment. This can occur when there is conflict with one’s cultural, ethical, and/or religious beliefs, such as the administration of blood or blood products, participation in elective abortions, and end-of-life issues such as disconnecting a respirator. Questionable requests not to participate in certain aspects of a patient’s care should be referred to an organization’s ethics committee for review and consultative advice.
Some pharmacists’ religious beliefs prohibit abortion or the use of birth control. They believe that dispensing such medications to others is an infringement on their freedom of religion. There are others who believe that pharmacists have an obligation to fill all prescriptions, and that refusing to fill them violates the patients’ freedom of conscience. The First Amendment protects individual free exercise of religion. The question here is “Does requiring pharmacists to fill prescriptions conflict with religious beliefs and violate their rights under the First Amendment?” Some say yes, because people whose religious beliefs prohibit birth control or abortion cannot freely exercise their religion if they are forced to dispense these medications. Others say no, because the patients’ need to obtain their medication outweighs the pharmacists’ rights.1
Some states have subsequently proposed legislation and passed laws designed to allow doctors and other direct providers of health care to refuse to perform or assist in an abortion, and hospitals to refuse to allow abortion on their premises. Now, the issue is expanding as pharmacists are refusing to fill emergency contraception and contraception prescriptions.2
As each state often has different rulings on this issue, the reader should review applicable state statutes.
Balancing Employee and Patient Rights
In the attempt to honor staff rights, a patient’s health must not be compromised. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division in Larson v. Albany Medical Center held that although a nurse has the right to refuse to participate in an elective termination of pregnancy on grounds of freedom from religious discrimination in employment, the case at issue did not involve an elective procedure. The mother was in need of emergency care and the nurses were asked by their nursing supervisor to assist in an “emergency” evacuation of a dead fetus. The nurses launched an argument about elective abortions and the court ruled their action as insubordinate behavior.3
In a Missouri case, Doe v. Poelker,4 the city was ordered to obtain the services of physicians and personnel who had no moral objections to participating in abortions. The city also was required to pay the plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees because of the wanton disregard of the indigent woman’s rights and the continuation of a policy to disregard and/or circumvent the U.S. Supreme Court’s rulings on abortion.
Question Patient Care
A caregiver has the right to question the care being rendered to a patient by another caregiver if there is reason to believe that the care is likely to be detrimental to the well-being of the patient. If, for example, a caregiver believes that a particular order appears to be questionable, the caregiver has the responsibility to seek verification from the prescribing physician. If the prescribing physician believes the order to be correct and the caregiver still questions the order, the concern must be relayed to the employee’s supervisor for verification and further follow-up if necessary.
Suggest Changing Physician
There are circumstances in which a caregiver has a right to suggest that a patient or patient’s family change their physician. In one case, a patient began losing weight and having hallucinations. A nurse documented the patient’s difficulties and attempted on several occasions to call the patient’s physician. The physician failed to return the nurse’s calls. Because of the patient’s deteriorating condition, the family contacted the nurse. After the nurse advised the patient’s family about her concerns, a member of the patient’s family asked her what they should do. The nurse advised that she would reconsider their “choice of physicians.” The nurse was terminated because she had advised the patient’s family to consider changing physicians.
The nurse brought a lawsuit for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. The language in the Nursing Practice Act of North Carolina and regulations of the Board of Nursing describe the practice of nursing as assessing a patient’s health, which entails a responsibility to communicate, counsel, and provide accurate guidance to clients and their families. The nurse’s comments that resulted in her termination were made in fulfillment of these responsibilities.
The North Carolina Court of Appeals held that the nurse stated a claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. The nurse’s termination for fulfilling her responsibilities as a practicing nurse violated state public policy and was a factual question for jury determination. Although there may be a right to terminate at-will employment for no reason or for an arbitrary or irrational reason, there can be no right to terminate such employment for an unlawful reason or purpose that contravenes public policy.5
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PAVING HER WAY TO HEAVEN |
Citation: Kirk v. Mercy Hosp. Tri-County, 851 S.W.2d 617 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993)
Facts
A short time after a patient had been admitted to Mercy Hospital, Kirk, the charge nurse, determined the patient was suffering from toxic shock syndrome. Knowing that death would result if left untreated, Kirk assumed the physician would order antibiotics. After a period of time passed without having received such orders, Kirk discussed the patient’s condition with the nursing director. The director asked Kirk to document, report the facts, and “stay out of it.”
Kirk discussed the patient’s condition and lack of orders with the chief of staff. Although the chief of staff took appropriate steps to treat the patient, the patient later died. A member of the patient’s family informed the nursing director that Kirk offered to obtain a copy of the medical records. The director was later told that Kirk was heard to say that the physician was “paving the patient’s way to heaven.” Kirk was later terminated. After her termination, Kirk received a letter from the hospital that directed her to refrain from making any further false statements about the hospital and its staff. Kirk then filed a lawsuit.
The trial court entered a summary judgment for the defendant-hospital, stating that there were no triable issues of fact and there was no public policy exception to Kirk’s at-will termination. The court could not find any law or regulation prohibiting the hospital from discharging Kirk, who later appealed the court’s decision.
Issue
Was there a public policy exception to the Missouri employment-at-will doctrine?
Holding
The Missouri Court of Appeals reversed the granting of summary judgment and remanded the case for trial, holding that the Nursing Practice Act (NPA) provided a clear mandate of public policy that nurses had a duty to provide the best possible care to patients.
Reason
Public policy clearly mandates nurses have an obligation to serve the best interests of patients. Therefore, if Kirk refused to follow her supervisor’s orders to stay out of a case where the patient was dying from a lack of proper medical treatment, there would be no grounds for her discharge under the public policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. Pursuant to the NPA, the plaintiff risked discipline if she ignored improper treatment of the patient. Kirk’s persistence in attempting to get the proper treatment for the patient was her absolute duty. The hospital could not lawfully require that Kirk stay out of a case that would have obvious injurious consequences to the patient. Public policy, as defined in case law, holds that no one can lawfully do that which tends to be injurious to the public or against the public good.
Discussion
1. Discuss any concerns you have, knowing that Kirk offered to obtain a copy of the patient’s records for the family.
2. What was the public policy mandate in this case?
Freedom from Sexual Harassment
Employees and staff have a right to be free from sexual harassment. Sexual harassment can be verbal or physical, and it includes a request for a sexual favor, sexual advances made as a condition of employment and unreasonably interfering with an employee’s work performance, and creating an intimidating or offensive working environment. In 1980, the Equal Employment. Opportunity Commission (EEOC) issued landmark sexual harassment guidelines that prohibit unwelcome sexual advances or requests that are made as a condition of employment. The guidelines also prohibit conduct that creates a hostile work environment. The U.S. Supreme Court held that a hostile work environment refers not only to conduct that is psychologically injurious, but also to conduct that is perceived as abusive.
Treated with Dignity and Respect
One’s dignity may be assaulted, vandalized, and cruelly mocked, but it cannot be taken away unless it is surrendered.
—Author Unknown
Each employee has the right to be treated with dignity, respect, and in a fair and consistent manner by his or her employer. Employers have a responsibility to pay attention to employees’ expressions, complaints, and concerns regarding their rights and entitlements. Furthermore, employers should respond promptly to all employees’ questions, especially when employees are working away from the corporate site, as noted in the following reality check.
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Call for Additional Help—No Response |
Three consultants were assigned by their employer, International Consulting (IC), to review the quality of care being delivered at Newtown Medical Center in Boston. Newtown was larger and more complex than the consultants were expecting. In addition, it was located in a different state than IC’s headquarters. On the first day of the consulting assignment, the IC’s consulting team leader called the IC corporate office to discuss the need for additional help, as required by corporate policy. The manager responsible for addressing field requests did not respond. Despite the lack of a follow-up call from the corporate manager, the team covered the assigned task. Newtown’s leadership expressed their appreciation to the consultants by writing to IC’s CEO, expressing their appreciation for how well the consultants conducted their work.
Discussion
1. Describe what actions could be taken to improve scheduling.
2. Discuss the training opportunities for corporate managers responsible for providing support for field consultants.
Whistleblowing
Employees have both a right and responsibility to report unethical conduct. Whistleblowing has been defined as an act of someone “who, believing that the public interest overrides the interest of the organization he serves, publicly blows the whistle if the organization is involved in corrupt, illegal, fraudulent, or harmful activity.”6
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The Price Whistle-Blowers Pay for Secrets |
“It’s a life-changing experience,” said John R. Phillips, founder of the law firm Phillips & Cohen and the man credited with devising the amendments that strengthened the government antifraud law, the False Claims Act, in 1986.“If you look at the field of whistle-blowers, you see a high degree of bankruptcies. You may find yourself unemployable. Home foreclosures, divorce, suicide and depression all go with this territory.”
—Paul Sullivan, The New York Times, September 21, 2012
Given the concern of the public about ethical behavior in government, the strong policy statement of the legislature in enacting the whistle-blower statute and the explicit inclusion of the state within its reach, the Whistleblower Act operates as an implied waiver of the statutory immunity provision of Minn. Stat. A4 3.736. A decision to shield potential government wrongdoing, as urged by the state, would exacerbate public cynicism about the ethics of public officials, and this we do not choose to do.7
Healthcare organizations often describe their whistle-blower policy in their compliance manuals. Compliance officers are responsible for providing information to employees regarding the organization’s compliance program. The policies provide reporting procedures that ensure anonymity for employees through, for example, the use of phone hotlines answered by third parties not affiliated with the organization. Organizations must not retaliate against an employee for disclosing activities that he or she reasonably believes are in violation of public policy, such as fraudulent billing practices. The Occupational Safety and Health Act’s (OSHA’s) Whistleblower Protection program, for example,
enforces the whistleblower provisions of more than twenty whistleblower statutes protecting employees who report violations of various workplace safety, airline, commercial motor carrier, consumer product, environmental, financial reform, food safety, health insurance reform, motor vehicle safety, nuclear, pipeline, public transportation agency, railroad, maritime, and securities laws. Rights afforded by these whistleblower acts include, but are not limited to, worker participation in safety and health activities, reporting a work related injury, illness or fatality, or reporting a violation of the statutes.8
Freedom from Intimidation
Employees have a right to be free from intimidation by angry individuals and veiled threats by managers in the workplace. Employees have a right to be protected from the abuse of others whether they are managers, coworkers, or independent contractors such as physicians.
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Hospitals Crack Down On Tirades By Angry Doctors |
At a critical point in a complex abdominal operation, a surgeon was handed a device that didn’t work because it had been loaded incorrectly … the surgeon slammed it down, accidentally breaking the technician’s finger …
The 2011 incident illuminates a long–festering problem that many hospitals have been reluctant to address: disruptive and often angry behavior by doctors. Experts estimate that 3 to 5 percent of physicians engage in such behavior, berating nurses who call them in the middle of the night about a patient … demeaning co-workers they consider incompetent or cutting off patients who ask a lot of questions.
—Sandra G. Boodman, The Huffington Post, March 5, 2013
Privacy and Confidentiality
Employees have a right to privacy and confidentiality in regards to information about their health status. However, modern technology makes it possible for employers to monitor their employees’ activities through their computer site visits, electronic emails, voicemail, and video monitoring. Such monitoring is generally unregulated, and unless an organization’s policy specifically states otherwise, the employer may listen to, watch, and read an employee’s workplace communications. Employee rights often ride a fine line as related to privacy. As the following reality check illustrates, it is sometimes difficult to know where to draw the line between corporate integrity and employee rights.
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Your Mail Was Opened |
The XYZ Corporation has decided to open all mail sent to employees who work in the field. A memorandum was sent to the field staff saying, “Sorry, your mail will be either opened or returned to the sender if it is delivered to your workplace. If the sender is from a healthcare organization, it will be opened to determine if its contents relate to XYZ’s business. If the mail is from any other person or place, it will be returned unopened to the sender. This action is necessary from a cost-savings standpoint. XYZ cannot afford to forward the average of 60 pieces of mail that it receives each month addressed to field staff.”
What happens to opened mail that is not XYZ’s business remains a mystery. What is it that drives an organization to make such decisions? Is it fear of competition, paranoia, distrust, or some other hidden issue? The answer remains elusive. Although it is legal for an organization to open all mail before sorting and delivering it, employees should be told that they should have no expectation of privacy and that they should not have anything personal sent to work that they do not want others to see. Managers should not open an employee’s mail indiscriminately; such invasion of privacy will undermine employee morale.
Discussion
1. Discuss under what circumstances an organization should open an employee’s mail.
2. Discuss any legal and ethical concerns (e.g., right to privacy).
3. What should happen to the mail of an employee that is opened but is not intended for the organization? What if that information is confidential in nature and is shared with others?
4. What safeguards should organizations put into place to protect personal information?
Safe Environment
Employees have a right to work in a safe environment, thus requiring the employer to provide appropriate safety conditions that include providing the appropriate equipment (e.g., ventilation systems as required throughout the hospital, gowns, gloves, goggles) and signage posted as required in hazardous areas (e.g., isolation rooms for protection of both the employee and patient, hazardous medical gas storage areas).
22.2 EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES
I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every profession, a duty.
—John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
Employees are expected to comply with their job-related duties and responsibilities as defined in their job description and the organization’s policies and procedures. Rights and responsibilities run parallel to one another. With every right, there is a corresponding duty; for example, although there is a right to expect respect from others, there is a corresponding duty and responsibility to respect the rights of others. The following sections describe but a few of the many responsibilities required of healthcare employees.
Compassion
How far you go in life depends on you being tender with the young, compassionate with the aged, sympathetic with the striving and tolerant of the weak and strong. Because someday in your life you will have been all of these.
—George Washington Carver
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Staff Affects Physician Practice Image |
Mark was waiting to be seen by his physician in a multispecialty physician office practice. As Mark was waiting to see his physician, he observed a woman, most likely in her late 70s, limping into the office. She had a large leg brace that ran from her thigh to the calf of her leg. She struggled to push her husband in a wheelchair into the office. She carefully parked the wheelchair and approached the check-in counter. She apologized for being late for her appointment as she was late getting out of another physician’s office. The patient was told, “You are late for your appointment. The office has a 15-minute late arrival rule. You will have to reschedule your appointment.” She apologized for being late but said that she did tell the office staff she would be late. She was then told, “You can wait, and I will try to squeeze you into the schedule, but I don’t know how long you will have to wait.” The lady said, “I don’t want to bother anyone. I will reschedule my appointment.” She was directed around the corner to another desk to reschedule her appointment. Mark got up out of his chair, walked over to the scheduler, and said, “I don’t believe this. Her husband is sitting in a wheelchair, and she is having difficulty walking. She can have my appointment, and I can reschedule.” The lady suddenly turned to Mark and gave him a big hug. The scheduler asked, “Who is your physician?” Mark told her, and she said, “I am sorry, but this lady has a different physician.” The lady, now a bit teary eyed, continued to reschedule her appointment.
Discussion
1. Mark saw what he perceived to be a wrong and tried to make a right. Discuss his actions.
2. Discuss why healthcare workers, patients, and visitors should consider themselves, when appropriate, patient advocates.
The ability to show strength of character through compassion is truly an important employee responsibility. Compassionate caregivers make the difference in the life of both patients and coworkers. It is the compassionate caregiver who guides the patient as he or she struggles through illness, pain, and suffering. It is the compassionate caregiver who provides hope when there seems to be no hope.
Honor Patient Wishes
Caregivers have a responsibility to honor a patient’s right to participate in decisions regarding his or her care, including the right to formulate advance directives and have those directives honored.
Maintain Confidentiality
The duty to maintain confidentiality encompasses both verbal and written communications. This requirement also applies to consultants, contracted individuals, students, and volunteers. Information about a patient, regardless of the method in which it is acquired, is confidential and should not be disclosed without the patient’s permission. Those who come into possession of the most intimate personal information about patients have both a legal and an ethical duty not to reveal confidential communications.
Patient Confidentiality
The legal duty arises because the law recognizes a right to privacy. To protect this right, there is a corresponding duty to obey. The ethical duty is broader and applies at all times.
All healthcare professionals who have access to medical records have a legal, ethical, and moral obligation to protect the confidentiality of the information in the records. The communications between a physician and his or her patient and the information generated during the course of the patient’s illness are generally accorded the protection of confidentiality.
Healthcare professionals have a clear legal and moral obligation to maintain this confidentiality. As noted previously, medical records, with proper authorization, may be used for the purposes of research, statistical evaluation, and education. The information obtained from medical records must be dealt with in a confidential manner; otherwise, an organization could incur liability.
Employee Confidentiality
The duty of employees to maintain confidentiality is applicable to other employees as well as to patients. Those in positions of trust can only maintain their individual integrity by being trustworthy. If there is illegal activity or unethical conduct being perpetrated by another employee, that employee has given up his or her right to privacy, regardless of his or her rank in the organization.
Adhere to Safe Practices
Caregivers have a responsibility to adhere to safe practices in order to minimize patient injuries. This responsibility requires employees to adhere to national patient safety goals (e.g., hand washing, patient identification, verification of operative site), the purpose of which is to protect the health and welfare of the patient.
Comply with Sterile Technique Protocols
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that “nosocomial [hospital-acquired] bloodstream infections are a leading cause of death in the United States. If we assume a nosocomial infection rate of 5%, of which 10% are bloodstream infections, and an attributable mortality rate of 15%, bloodstream infections would represent the eighth leading cause of death in the United States.”9 It is believed that such infections have resulted in as many as 100,000 deaths and billions of dollars in additional healthcare costs. These numbers do not reflect nonhospital-acquired infections that have occurred in physicians’ offices.
The seriousness of these numbers should awaken all caregivers as to the importance of complying with sterile practice techniques through recommended hand washing and maintaining a sterile environment for patients.
Exercise Appropriate Judgment
Caregivers have a responsibility to exercise discretion and good judgment. This is especially true of physicians who are bound to exercise their judgment without interference from others. The Hippocratic Oath requires that the physician use his or her power to help the sick to the best of his or her ability and judgment. Such discretion, however, has limits and must consider the autonomous rights of patients.
Adhere to Professional Standards
Caregivers have a responsibility to be professional in the performance of their work. The operation of a hospital requires the coordination of numerous employees and departments, each with different responsibilities that depend on each other. Thus, staff cooperation and communication are essential for ensuring professionalism in the provision of high quality patient care.
Report Unethical Behavior
Caregivers have both a right and responsibility to report impaired, incompetent, and unethical colleagues in accordance with the legal requirements of each state. Unethical behavior includes conduct that threatens patient care or welfare, behavior that violates state licensing provisions, and conduct that violates criminal statutes.
Protect Patients from Harm
Caregivers have an ethical and legal responsibility to protect patients from harm. Such responsibilities are not duties invented by courts of equity, but rather are the tenets of ethical responsibility described in the codes of ethics of various health professionals. The rules of ethics applicable to nurses, for example, specifically recognize a nurse’s obligation to safeguard not only patients’ health, but their safety as well.
Report Patient Abuse
Caregivers have both a right and responsibility to report patient abuse. An employer may not discharge an employee for fulfilling societal obligations or one who acts with a socially desirable motive. Statutes protect employees against retaliation for reporting patient abuse.
Maintain Professional Relationships
Employees are responsible for maintaining appropriate professional relationships with patients, families, coworkers, and others with whom they may come into contact in the organization, such as hospital survey teams as noted in the following reality check.
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Shoot the Surveyor |
Justin, a new hospital surveyor, was assigned to review an organization’s human resources department and provide recommendations on how to improve processes and systems. As Justin was new to the job, Mel, a more seasoned surveyor, was assigned to work with him. Justin was working on a preliminary report to be presented to the organization later that day. Judy, the organization’s coordinator assigned to work with Justin, was asked to provide additional information on its staffing process. Justin believed that the organization’s staffing processes were well done. Mel, whispering in Justin’s ear, out of Judy’s eyesight, said, “I disagree. These processes are not what we would expect to see in place, but then, this is your assignment. I am just here to evaluate you.” Justin understood his message. Justin described to Judy his concerns about human resources staffing processes as Mel stood in the back of the room watching their interaction. Judy turned to Mel and said, “Don’t you think Justin is wrong?” Mel quickly replied, “I am just an observer.” Judy left the room as Justin completed his report.
Later that afternoon, Justin presented his report to the organization’s leadership. Justin made his suggestions for improvement. After his report, the CEO asked whether there were any questions regarding Justin’s report. Mel was sitting to the immediate left of Justin, and Judy was to the left of Mel. Judy, leaning over to look at Justin, pointing at him, said, “I could just shoot him.” After a few moments of silence, followed by a thank you and goodbye, Justin handed his report to the CEO. He, along with Mel, got up to leave the room. Judy, ignoring Justin, shook Mel’s hand and hugged him goodbye as she looked at Justin with contempt.
Discussion
1. Assuming that Mel adequately explained his recommendations, discuss what other actions, if any, Justin might have taken to defuse Judy’s discontent.
2. What action should the CEO take regarding Judy’s reaction to the consultant? Explain your answer.
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Multidisciplinary Approach to Patient Care |
Bill visited a pain center where Dr. Jones, the medical director, had recently included a physical therapist on his pain management team. After several visits to the pain management program, Bill complimented the staff as to their multidisciplinary approach to his care. Dr. Jones discussed with Bill how patient outcomes had improved over time, as treatment plans became more multidisciplinary. He went on to explain how patients are encouraged to ask questions of the caregiver, such as:
• Have you reviewed my medical records?
• Have you discussed my treatment plan with my physician?
• What were my physician’s specific orders?
• May I see them?
• What precautions have you been asked to follow with me?
• Have you seen my imaging studies?
• Has anyone discussed them with you?
Bill, before leaving, said to Dr. Jones, “I truly am getting individualized care and treatment in your pain center in a style worthy of the words, ‘quality care is alive and well here.’”
Discussion
1. If you are a practicing professional, discuss how the multidisciplinary approach to patient care might be improved in your organization.
2. Consider and discuss what questions you might ask if you were the patient undergoing treatment.
22.3 THE CAREGIVER’S PLEDGE
• I will be compassionate.
• I will not neglect my duties and responsibilities.
• I will read instructions and follow protocols.
• I will seek verification of questionable orders.
• I will report concerns for patient safety (e.g., staffing concerns).
• I will not assume responsibilities beyond my capabilities.
• I will call for help when a patient’s medical needs suddenly change.
• I will continuously improve my skills and participate in continuing education
opportunities.
HAPTER REVIEW
1. Fairly balancing the rights and responsibilities of the employee and the needs of the organization is an extremely complex objective.
• Rights and responsibilities run parallel to one another.
• There is a corresponding duty to accept one’s responsibilities and at the same time respect the rights of others.
2. Employee rights include:
• Equal pay for equal work
• Refuse to participate in care
• Balancing employee and patient rights
• Suggest changing physician
• Freedom from sexual harassment
• Treated with dignity and respect
• Whistleblowing
• Freedom from intimidation
• Privacy and confidentiality
• Safe environment
3. Staff responsibilities include:
• Compassion
• Honor patient wishes
• Maintain confidentiality
• Patient confidentiality
• Employee confidentiality
• Adhere to safe practices
• Comply with sterile technique protocols
• Exercise appropriate judgment
• Adhere to professional standards
• Report unethical behavior
• Protect patients from harm
• Report patient abuse
• Maintain professional relationships