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CH_2_-_Ancient_Near_East1020.ppt
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Defining “Civilized”

  • Urban life: permanent constructions
  • System of regulatory government
  • Class distinction (through wealth and occupation)
  • Tools/skills --> production/trade
  • Written communication
  • Shared system of religious belief

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Civilization

  • In pre-agricultural societies, as soon as there was enough food for all, work stopped.
  • With agriculture, a field must be sown, tended, and later harvested all at once.
  • The harvest must be stored.
  • Domestic animals must be maintained as a herd and be held in a contained area.
  • When all goes well, there will be a surplus of food that is not immediately distributed.
  • It is valuable, and must be managed and guarded.

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civilization

  • With the Agricultural Revolution comes:
  • –Government bureaucracy
  • –Standing armies
  • –A controlling social elite

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civilization

  • Not all people had to farm. Some could become specialists in particular tasks:
  • –Potters
  • –Tool makers
  • –Metal workers (smiths)
  • –Bakers, butchers, etc.
  • –Bureaucrats

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civilization

  • Even if a farming society had begun to flourish with relatively independent farmers, once irrigation is introduced, infrastructure follows.
  • An irrigation ditch and water-raising devices are large, expensive projects, requiring government, taxation, a workforce, etc.

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Fertile crescent

  • The first area of the world to move to an agricultural way of life was near where Africa, Europe, and Asia meet.
  • An area called the Fertile Crescent

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Fertile crescent

  • The “Fertile Crescent” is fertile, because rivers from all three continents drain into it, bringing rich nutrients to the soil as well as water.
  • It was also in an area of moderate climate, perfect for growing crops.
  • For those reasons it was also more heavily populated.

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Ancient Near East

Mesopotamia

  • The world’s first great civilization arose in the Fertile Crescent.
  • –This happened in particular in an area that is now part of Iraq.
  • –This area is bounded by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.
  • –The Greeks called it Mesopotamia, meaning “between the rivers.”

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Sumer

  • The first notable civilization in Mesopotamia was Sumer.
  • It was located in southern Mesopotamia, near where the rivers join.

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Ancient Near East

  • Sumerian Accomplishments
  • 3500 BCE – Invention of the Wheel
  • 3400 BCE – Invention of pottery wheel
  • 3300 BCE – Invention of writing (cuneiform) – used for next 2500 years in Mesopotamia
  • 3000 BCE – Epic of Gilgamesh written – first book ever written – contains myths and legends that influenced all later stories
  • htt p://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/

Ancient Near East

  • Other developments in Ancient Near East
  • 2300 – 2150 BCE - Akkadian Dynasty and Empire – conquest of Sumeria – developed Semitic Akkadian language – the lingua franca of the region for the next 1500 years
  • 2200 BCE – Phoenician Empire is founded, later spread the alphabet throughout the region (known as the ‘carriers of civilization’ because of this)
  • 2150 – 1760 BCE - Neo-Sumerian Dynasty
  • 1800 BCE – Abraham travels from Ur and migrates to the Levant (Israel)
  • 1760 – 1600 BCE – Babylonian Empire: develops advanced mathematics
  • 1600 – 1000 BCE – Splintering of Empire into 3 areas: Hittites in north (develop iron weapons); Kassites in center and Elamites in south.

Ancient Near East

  • 1350 – 612 BCE – Assyrian Empire : most brutal and feared warriors of A.N.E.
  • 1250 BCE – Moses leads the Hebrews out of captivity in Egypt (the Exodus)
  • 1050 BCE Phoenician alphabet becomes first in the world, is spread through Phoenician trade routes throughout the Mediterranean
  • 1050 BCE Saul becomes first king of Israel
  • 1000 BCE David builds Jerusalem as capital of Israel
  • 669 – 627 BCE – Ashurbanipal rules Assyria
  • 612 – 538 BCE – Neo-Babylonian (Chaldaean) Empire : conquer Egypt in 605 BCE and Jerusalem in 586 BCE under Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylonian Captivity – Destruction of Temple of Solomon)
  • 600 BCE The Torah (1st 5 books of Bible) and Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) are written. Christians refer to this as Old Testament

Ancient Near East

  • 550 – 330 BCE – Persian Empire : largest empire then known stretching from modern day Iran to Egypt
  • 550 BCE – Cyrus the Great becomes the greatest conqueror of the ancient near east and adopts the name Great King, the name all future Persian kings use
  • Persian Empire becomes so large it is divided into provinces, called Satrapies, led by governors, called Satraps, they form spy networks called ‘the eyes and ears’ of the emperor
  • Persian army is led by an elite fighting force called the Immortals

Ancient Near East

  • Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations were nearly all polytheistic. Polytheism – belief in more than one god. (Only exception was the Jews who later developed monotheism – a belief in one god).
  • All Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations were theocratic. Theocracy – government which is led by religious rulers that were in charge of both the political and religious aspects of their cultures

Ancient Near East - religion

  • Sumerian Gods
  • Annunaki – name for the Sumerian gods
  • Anu- sky god/king of gods
  • Innana/Ishtar – fertility goddess/ queen of gods
  • Abu – god of plants
  • Enlil – god of earth /wind
  • Enki – god of wisdom
  • Shamash – sun god
  • Assyrians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Hittites shared the same gods though sometimes added new ones or changed the names

  • Persian Gods
  • Ahura Mazda – god of light
  • Ahriman – god of darkness
  • Dualistic religion where both gods were equal and opposite
  • Zoroaster – chief prophet of Persian religion
  • Zend-Avesta – Persian Holy Book

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Sumerians

Ancient Near East

  • Characteristics of Sumerian Art
  • Prominent Eyes
  • Arched eyebrows
  • Cylindrical body shape
  • Conceptual approach to human figures
  • Offers homage to the gods
  • Highly stylized/even abstract at times
  • Focus on the spiritual world

Female head (possibly Inanna)

from Uruk (modern Warka) Iraq

ca. 3,200-3,000 B.C.E.

marble

approximately 8 in. high

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Ram in a thicket/He-Goat of Ur

from Tomb 789, Royal Cemetery Ur
(modern Tell Muqayyar) Iraq

ca. 2,600 B.C.E.

gold, silver, lapis lazuli, copper, shell, red limestone, bitumen

42.6 cm. high

Sumerian mythology included many magical animals

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Sumerian- Art

  • Bearded Bull’s Head Lyre
  • 2600 BCE
  • Ur, Sumeria
  • Found in Queen Paubi’s tomb
  • Never used so signifies possible use in afterlife
  • Wood with inlaid shell, gold and lapis lazuli

Sumerian- Art

  • Standard of Ur
  • 2700 - 2600 BCE
  • Ur, Sumeria
  • Wood with inlaid shells, limestone and lapis lazuli
  • Considered masterpiece of Sumerian art
  • Two sided one side is war one is peace
  • King is largest figure on both sides

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Rock of Behistun
522-486 BCE
Mount Behistun, Iran
Ordered by Darius I, Persian king to describe his life story in three different cuneiform scripts (Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonion
Henry Rawlinson used this to translate cuneiform

Sumerian. Closer Look: Cuneiform writing in Sumer. Sumerian tablet from Lagash, modern Tello, Iraq. ca. 2360 BCE.

Akkadians

Ancient Near East

  • Akkadian and Assyrian Art Characteristics
  • Art to commemorate warriors and rulers
  • More naturalistic than Sumerian
  • Portrayal of violence
  • Illustrates and glorifies the military power of the people and their king and his accomplishments

Bust of an Akkadian ruler (possibly Sargon)

from Ninevah (modern Kuyunjik) Iraq

ca. 2,250-2,200 B.C.E.

copper

14 3/8 in. high

Possibly Sargon or Naram-Sin – 2 signs of power - beard and crown

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Materials & Techniques: Lost-wax Casting (diagram).

Materials & Techniques: Lost-wax Casting (diagram).

Akkadian- Art

  • Victory Stele of Naram-Sim
  • 2300 – 2200 BCE
  • Akkad
  • Shows king on top of mountain triumphing over his enemies
  • Size of king dramatically larger than those around him
  • It was a public monument showing king’s power

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Akkadian. Cylinder seal impression and the Seal of Adda. ca. 2600 BCE.
Height: 1-1/2".

Akkadian. Cylinder seal impression and the Seal of Adda. ca. 2600 BCE.
Height: 1-1/2".

Neo-Sumerians

Sumerian- Art

  • Votive Statues from Abu Temple
  • 2600 BCE
  • Tell Asmar, Sumeria
  • Votive statues had prayers inscribed upon them and were offered to the gods
  • Votive means offering

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Neo-Sumerian- Art

  • Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu
  • 2500 – 2050 BCE
  • Ur, Sumeria (Iraq)
  • Priest was only one allowed to visit the home of the god at the top of the temple
  • Ur-Nammu writes first code of laws (incomplete)
  • Neo-Sumerians

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Neo-Sumerian- Art

  • Gudea of Lagash
  • 2144 – 2124 BCE
  • Lagash, Sumeria
  • Priest-king – first statue of non-hero
  • Made of Diorite – because stone was strong and long lasting
  • No attempt at reality – but regal

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Babylonians

Babylonian- Art

Hittites

Hittite Art

  • Lion Gate
  • 1343-1200 BCE
  • Hattusha, Turkey
  • Capital of Hittite Empire
  • Hittites are first to use iron weapons

Assyrians

Assyrian- Art

  • Lamassu from Citadel of Sargon
  • 883 – 859 BCE
  • Nimrud, Assyria
  • Lamassu were protector gods assumed by the Assyrians to come to life to protect them
  • Note 5 legs

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Assyrian- Art

  • Ashurnasirpal II Killing Lions
  • 850 BCE
  • Nimrud, Assyria
  • Limestone
  • Part of the Hunting Reliefs
  • The Hunting Reliefs are considered the masterpiece of Ancient Near Eastern Art

Assyrian- Art

  • Dying Lioness
  • 850 BCE
  • Nimrud, Assyria
  • Relief Sculpture
  • Limestone
  • Part of the Hunting Reliefs
  • The Hunting Reliefs are considered the masterpiece of Ancient Near Eastern Art

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Hunting Reliefs

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Neo-Babylonian

Neo-Babylonian- Art

  • Ishtar Gate
  • 575 BCE
  • Babylon
  • From Neo-Babylonian period made of glazed brick
  • One of over 30 entrances to city – used for defensive purposes and to impress visitors
  • Animals used for ornamentation
  • Crenellations on top for defense

Ishtar Gate (restored)
details of dragon (Marduk) and
bull (Adad)

from Babylon, Iraq

ca. 575 B.C.E.

glazed brick

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Ishtar Gate (restored)
details of lion (Ishtar)

from Babylon, Iraq

ca. 575 B.C.E.

glazed brick

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Babylonian. Reconstruction drawing: Babylon's Processional Way & Ishtar Gate as they appeared in the 6th century BCE.

Babylonian. Reconstruction drawing: Babylon's Processional Way & Ishtar Gate as they appeared in the 6th century BCE.

Persian Art

Persian- Art

  • Achaemenid Palace
  • 518 – 460 BCE
  • Persepolis, Persia
  • Palace was destroyed by Alexander the Great in revenge for the destruction of the Acropolis in Athens
  • Laid out in grid pattern

Palace of Darius I and Xerxes I

Persepolis, Iran

ca. 521-465 B.C.E.

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

.

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Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

Achaemenid Palace - Staircase

Persian. Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute. Detail, relief from a stairway leading to the Apadana, ceremonial complex, Persepolis, Iran.
491-486 BCE.
Height: 8' 4".

Persian. Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute. Detail, relief from a stairway leading to the Apadana, ceremonial complex, Persepolis, Iran.
491-486 BCE.
Height: 8' 4".

Ancient Near East - Art

  • Winged Ibex
  • 4th century BCE
  • Persia
  • This object was used as a jar handle
  • Gilded in gold over stone
  • Animal motif prevailed in Ancient Near East

Ancient Near East - Art

  • The End
  • Next Lecture: Ancient Egypt