Sociology HW
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Ch.14GenderStratification.pptxSociology
SEVENTEENTH EDITION
Chapter 14
Gender Stratification
The Power of Society
If you were free to do either, would you prefer to have a job outside the home, or would you prefer to stay at home and take care of the house and family?
A recent survey asked U.S. adults this question, and men and women gave different answers.
Among men it was no contest, with a large majority choosing the job outside the home.
Among women, however, it was much closer, with only a very slight majority choosing the job.
Or, from another angle, men were three times as likely to choose a job outside the home over taking care of the house and family.
Women, by contrast, were fairly closely divided in their choices.
The difference in female and male responses shows the power of gender to shape our lives down to the very personal choices we make about how to live.
Source: Gallup (2015).
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Gender and Inequality (1 of 7)
14.1 Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification.
Gender
Personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
Gender stratification
Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
“Women and men still lead different lives in the United States and elsewhere in the world, but in most respects men are still in charge.”
Charlotte Woodward wrote this in her journal. Some 300 women gathered in Seneca Falls to fight for the right to vote. Much has changed since the Seneca Falls convention. But men and women still lead different lives in the United States and elsewhere in the world.
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Gender and Inequality (4 of 7)
Mead
Culture is the key to gender distinctions.
What one society defines as masculine another may see as feminine.
Gewertz
Challenged Mead’s “reversal hypothesis”
These men, Wodaabe pastoral nomads who live in the African nation of Niger, are proud to engage in a display of beauty most people in our society would consider feminine.
In every society, people assume that certain jobs, patterns of behavior, and ways of dressing are “naturally” feminine while others are just as obviously masculine.
But in global perspective, we see remarkable variety in such social definitions.
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Global Map 14–1 Women’s Power in Global Perspective
Women’s social standing in relation to men’s varies around the world.
In general, women live better rich countries than in poor countries. Even so, some nations stand out:
In the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland women come closest to social equality with men.
Source: Data from United Nations Development Programme (2017).
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Figure 14–1 Men’s and Women’s Athletic Performance
Do men naturally outperform women in athletic competition?
Early in the twentieth century, men outpaced women by more than an hour in marathon races.
But as opportunities for women in athletics have increased, women have been closing the performance gap.
Only twelve and one-half minutes separate the current world marathon records for women (set in 2003) and for men (set in 2014).
Source: Marathonguide.com (2017).
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Gender and Socialization (2 of 6)
Gender and the Family
Gender messages
Is it a boy or girl?
Color-coding gender
Traditional notions of gender identity
Handling of and expectations for children
Female: cooperation and emotion
Male: independence and action
Gender and Socialization (6 of 6)
Wolf: The “beauty myth”
Striving to be physically attractive to men is the key to women’s happiness.
Women should measure their worth in terms of physical appearance.
Women should prize relationships with men attracted with their beauty.
In our society, the mass media have enormous influence on our attitudes and behavior, and what we see shapes our view of gender.
In the 2015 film Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 2, we see Jennifer Lawrence playing Katniss Everdeen, a take-charge, female lead character.
Such a portrayal is an exception to the conventional pattern by which active males play against more passive females.
In your opinion, how much can the mass media change conventional ideas about gender? Why?
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Gender and Social Stratification (4 of 15)
Less than one-third of the people working at companies including Google, Microsoft, and Facebook are women. Why do you think this is the case?
| Occupation | Number of Women Employed | Percentage in Occupation Who Are Women |
| 1. Preschool or kindergarten teacher | 675,000 | 97.5% |
| 2. Speech-language pathologist | 158,000 | 97.5% |
| 3. Dental hygienist | 164,000 | 97.1% |
| 4. Secretary or administrative assistant | 2,596,000 | 94.6% |
| 5. Child care worker | 1,208,000 | 94.4% |
| 6. Nurse practitioner | 165,000 | 94.0% |
| 7. Dental assistant | 274,000 | 93.3% |
| 8. Medical assistant | 530,000 | 92.9% |
| 9. Hairdresser or cosmetologist | 745,000 | 92.4% |
| 10. Medical records technician | 169,000 | 92.1% |
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor (2016) |
Table 14–1 Jobs with the Highest Concentrations of Women, 2015
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Figure 14–2 Housework: Who Does How Much?
Regardless of employment or family status, women do more housework than men.
What effect do you think the added burden of housework has on women’s ability to advance in the workplace?
Source: U.S. Department of Labor (2016).
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| 1869 | Law allows women to vote in Wyoming Territory. |
| 1872 | First woman to run for the presidency (Victoria Woodhull) represents the Equal Rights party. |
| 1917 | First woman elected to the House of Representatives (Jeannette Rankin of Montana). |
| 1924 | First women elected state governors (Nellie Taylor Ross of Wyoming and Miriam “Ma” Ferguson of Texas); both followed their husbands into office. First woman to have her name placed in nomination for the vice-presidency at the convention of a major political party (Lena Jones Springs, a Democrat). |
| 1931 | First woman to serve in the Senate (Hattie Caraway of Arkansas); completed the term of her husband upon his death and won reelection in 1932. |
| 1932 | First woman appointed to the presidential cabinet (Frances Perkins, secretary of labor in the cabinet of President Franklin D. Roosevelt). |
| 1964 | First woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at the convention of a major political party (Margaret Chase Smith, a Republican). |
Table 14–2 Significant Firsts for Women in U.S. Politics (1 of 3)
| 1972 | First African American woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at the convention of a major political party (Shirley Chisholm, a Democrat). |
| 1981 | First woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court (Sandra Day O’Connor). |
| 1984 | First woman to be successfully nominated for the vice-presidency (Geraldine Ferraro, a Democrat). |
| 1988 | First woman chief executive to be elected to a consecutive third term (Madeleine Kunin, governor of Vermont). |
| 1992 | Political “Year of the Woman” yields record number of women in the Senate (six) and the House (forty-eight), as well as first African American woman to win election to U.S. Senate (Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois), first state (California) to be served by two women senators (Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein), and first woman of Puerto Rican descent elected to the House (Nydia Velazquez of New York). |
| 1996 | First woman appointed secretary of state (Madeleine Albright). |
| 2000 | First former First Lady to win elected political office (Hillary Rodham Clinton, senator from New York). |
Table 14–2 Significant Firsts for Women in U.S. Politics (2 of 3)
| 2001 | First woman to serve as national security adviser (Condoleezza Rice); first Asian American woman to serve in a presidential cabinet (Elaine Chao). |
| 2005 | First African American woman appointed secretary of state (Condoleezza Rice). |
| 2007 | First woman elected as Speaker of the House (Nancy Pelosi). |
| 2008 | For the first time, women make up a majority of a state legislature (New Hampshire). |
| 2013 | Record number of women in the Senate (twenty) and the House (seventy-eight). Also, New Hampshire becomes the first state to have all-women leadership as the governor and all U.S. senators and members of Congress are women. |
| 2014 | First woman to head Federal Reserve (Janet Yellen). |
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton is the first woman to be nominated for the presidency by a major political party and wins the popular vote by almost 3 million, but loses the Electoral College vote and, thus, the election. |
Table 14–2 Significant Firsts for Women in U.S. Politics (3 of 3)
National Map 14–1 Women in State Government across the United States
Although women make up half of U.S. adults, in 2017 just 25 percent of the seats in state legislatures are held by women.
Look at the state-by-state variations in the map. In which regions of the country have women gained the greatest political power?
What do you think accounts for this pattern?
Source: Center for American Women and Politics (2017).
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Global Map 14–2 Female Genital Mutilation in Global Perspective
Female genital mutilation is known to be performed in at least thirty countries around the world.
Across Africa, the practice is common and affects a majority of girls in the eastern African nations
of Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia. In several Asian nations, the practice is limited to a few ethnic
minorities. In the United States, Canada, several European nations, and Australia, there are reports of
the practice among some immigrants.
SOURCES: Population Reference Bureau (2010), World Health Organization (2015), and United Nations (2017).
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Gender and Social Stratification (13 of 15)
Sexual Harassment
Comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome
In recent decades, our society has recognized sexual harassment as an important problem.
At least officially, unwelcome sexual attention is no longer tolerated in the workplace.
The television show Mad Men, which gives us a window back to the early 1960s, shows us our society before the more recent wave of feminism began.
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Figure 14–3 Use of Contraception by Married Women of Childbearing Age
In the United States, most married women of childbearing age use contraception.
In many lower-income countries, however, most women do not have the opportunity to make this choice.
Source: Population Reference Bureau (2016).
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| Feminism | Blank | Blank | Blank |
| Blank | Liberal Feminism | Socialist Feminism | Radical Feminism |
| Does it accept the basic order of society? | Yes. Liberal feminism seeks change only to ensure equality of opportunity. | No. Socialist feminism supports an end to social classes and to family gender roles that encourage “domestic slavery.” | No. Radical feminism supports an end to the family system. |
| How do women improve their social standing? | Individually, according to personal ability and effort. | Collectively, through socialist revolution. | Collectively, by working to eliminate gender itself. |
Applying Theory: Feminism
Photo Credits
356: Rawpixel/Getty Images; 358: Library of Congress/Getty Images;
359: Elise Amendola/AP Images; 360: Robert Estall photo agency/Alamy
Stock Photo; 362: Stas/Fotolia; 363: Moviestore collection Ltd/Alamy Stock
Photo; 364: ChinaTopix/AP Images; 366: Gado Images/Alamy Stock Photo; 372: Kuenzig/Laif/Aurora Photos; 374: FPG/Getty Images; 376: Jim West/Alamy Stock Photo; 377: Win McNamee/Getty Images; 380: AE Pictures Inc/Getty Images; 382: Image Courtesy of The Advertising Archives; 383: Image Courtesy of The Advertising Archives; 383: PHCP Incorporated.
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