Assignments
s_1122
Ch.122.pptxChapter 12
Valuation: Cash –Flow- Based Approaches
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Valuing the Firm
Economic theory teaches us that the value of an investment is:
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Expected future payoffs can be measured in terms of:
Dividends
Cash Flows
Earnings
Approaches to firm valuation
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Focus is on the cash that flows into the firm.
Measures the cash flows that are “free” to be distributed to shareholders.
Cash flows generated by the firm create dividend-paying capacity.
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Cash-Flow-Based Valuation
Amount of cash flowing into firm differs from dividends paid in a particular period.
But over the lifetime of the firm, cash flows into and cash flows out of the firm will be equivalent.
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Cash-Flow-Based Valuation (Contd.)
Cash is the ultimate source of value. The free cash flows approach measures value based on the cash flows that the firm generates that can be distributed to investors.
It is a measurable common denominator for comparing the future benefits of alternative investment instruments.
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Rationale for Using Free-Cash-Flows
Cost of Common Equity Capital
CAPM Model:
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Weighted Average Cost of Capital
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Measuring Free Cash Flows
Under U.S. GAAP and IFRS, Cash flow statement categorize the activities as operating, investing and financing.
Some rearrangements are necessary to compute free cash flows.
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Measuring Free Cash Flows (Contd.)
Cash flow from operations from the projected statement of cash flows is the most direct starting point because it requires the fewest adjustments.
However, some analysts compute free cash flows using alternative starting points.
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Measuring Free Cash Flows
Free Cash Flows for All Debt and Equity Stakeholders:
Operating Activities:
Cash Flow from Operations
+/- Net Interest after Tax
+/- Changes in Cash Requirements for Liquidity
= Free Cash Flows from Operations for All Debt and Equity
Investing Activities:
+/- Net Capital Expenditures
= Free Cash Flows for All Debt and Equity Stakeholders
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Measuring Free Cash Flows
Free Cash Flows for Common Equity Shareholders:
Operating Activities:
Cash Flow from Operations
+/- Changes in Cash Requirements for Liquidity
= Free Cash Flows from Operations for Equity
Investing Activities:
+/- Net Capital Expenditures
Financing Activities:
+/- Debt Cash Flows
+/- Financial Asset Cash Flows
+/- Preferred Stock Cash Flows
= Free Cash Flows for Common Equity Stakeholders
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Cash-Flows-Based Valuation Models
To value common equity measure:
Discount rate – RE .
Expected future free cash flows – FCFEq for periods 1 through T over forecast horizon.
Continuing free cash flows, FCFEq(T+1), and long-run growth rate, g.
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Free-Cash-Flows-Based Valuation Models
For common equity shareholders:
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Free-Cash-Flows-Based Valuation Models
For all debt and equity capital stakeholders:
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Continuing Value
Represented by last term of equation:
Use expected long-term growth rate, g, to project all items on Year T+1 income statement and balance sheet.
RA must be greater than g for this formula to work.
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What now?
Once valuation model is applied, then
Conduct sensitivity analysis:
Vary cost of equity capital rate (RE)
Vary long-run growth rate (g)
Discount rate assumptions
Vary these parameters and assumptions individually and jointly.
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Evaluation of the Free-Cash-Flows-Valuation method
Advantages:
Focuses on free cash flows, believed to have more economic meaning than earnings.
Results from projections of future operating, investing, and financing decisions of a firm made by the analyst.
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Evaluation of the Free-Cash-Flows-Valuation method
Advantages: (Contd.)
Focuses directly on net cash inflows available to be distributed to capital providers. This perspective is especially pertinent to acquisition decisions.
Widely used in practice.
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Evaluation of the Free-Cash-Flows-Valuation method
Disadvantages:
Can be time-consuming making it costly.
Continuing value tends to dominate the total value but is sensitive to assumptions growth rates and discount rates.
Free cash flow computations must be internally consistent with long-run assumptions regarding growth and payout. And is affected by estimation errors.
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