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Understanding, Assessing, and Teaching Reading: A Diagnostic Approach

Eighth Edition

Chapter 11

Phonics

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Where Are We Now…. We begin with Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Resource Management

The purpose of this chapter explains what Human Resource Management is and why it’s important to all managers. We’ll see that human resource management activities such as hiring, training, appraising, compensating, and developing employees are part of every manager’s job. We’ll see that human resource management is also a separate function. The main topics we’ll cover will include what human resource management is, the trends shaping human resource management, human resource management today, the new human resource manager, and the plan of the book.

More importantly, the human resource management concepts and techniques you’ll learn in this book can help ensure that you get results—through people. Remember that you can do everything else right as a manager—lay brilliant plans, draw clear organization charts, set up world-class assembly lines, and use sophisticated accounting controls—but still fail, by hiring the wrong people or by not motivating subordinates. On the other hand, many managers—presidents, generals, governors, supervisors—have been successful even with inadequate plans, organization, or controls. They were successful because they had the knack of hiring the right people for the right jobs and motivating, appraising, and developing them. Remember, as you read this book getting results is the bottom line of managing, and that, as a manager, you will have to get those results through people.

Learning Objectives

11.1 Describe the position of phonics assessment and instruction in a diagnostic approach to teaching reading.

11.2 Correctly identify, sort, and label phonics facts – matches between sounds and letters in English words.

11.3 Apply five different techniques for assessing phonics knowledge.

11.4 Explain guidelines for effective phonics instruction, and apply both direct and inductive techniques for teaching phonics.

Three Guiding Questions for a Diagnostic Approach

What do I want to know?

Why do I want to know that?

How can I best discover this information?

Understanding Phonics

The study of sound-letter matches in printed words

One aspect of word identification

Part of learning to read

Surface-level understanding

Examine phonics knowledge with high-interest texts on familiar topics

Phonics is a skill meant to serve comprehension and engagement

Phonics Content Knowledge

Applying phonics is a comprehension strategy

Used to figure out unknown words while reading

Efficient when combined with familiarity and meaning

Phonics is a tool that helps readers comprehend

Best when applied in meaningful reading situations

Factors That Affect Phonics Knowledge

Auditory discrimination

Ability to detect differences and similarities in sounds

Dependant on hearing and auditory processing in the brain

Not associated with letter identification

Visual discrimination

Ability to detect differences and similarities among written symbols

Phonics Content (1 of 4)

Consonants

Consonant onsets, or initial consonants

Single consonants

Consonant blends

Consonant digraphs

Blend + digraph

Phonics Content (2 of 4)

Consonant finals

Single-letter

Blends

Digraphs

Final x

Double-letter

Silent-letter

Phonics Content (3 of 4)

Vowels

“Long” and ”short” vowels

Other vowels

Blends

Digraphs

Schwa

R-controlled

Phonics Content (4 of 4)

Effective phonics instruction

Systematic

Explicit

Begins in kindergarten or first grade

Phonograms – spelling patterns for sounds

High-frequency words

Multiple syllables

Assessing Phonics

What do I want to know?

Why do I want to know that?

How can I best discover this information?

5 Meaningful Ways to Assess Phonics

Observation

Names Test

Early Names Test

Tile Test

Running Record

Teaching Phonics: Guidelines for Exemplary Phonics Instruction

Builds on what children already know

Builds on a foundation of phonological awareness

Is clear and direct

Is integrated into a total reading program

Focuses on reading words rather than learning rules

Leads to automatic word identification

Teaching Phonics: Approaches and Activities (1 of 2)

Implicit Instruction

Leads children to discover parts of words

Explicit Instruction

Teacher tells students what the parts of words are

Teaching Phonics: Approaches and Activities (2 of 2)

Analytic Phonics

Breaking words apart

Synthetic Phonics

Putting words together

Eight Ways to Teach Phonics (1 of 2)

Teach word identification strategies

Teach from whole to part using rhymes and children’s literature

Use word sorts

Teach students how to decode by analogy

Eight Ways to Teach Phonics (2 of 2)

Use writing

Teach students how to make words

Glass analysis

Use prompts when reading with students

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