Psychology lifespan
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Ch.1.pptxCHAPTER ONE
Theory and Research
in Human Development
OVERVIEW
Basic Concepts
Science / Research
Perspectives
BASIC CONCEPTS
Development: The process by which organisms unfold features and traits, grow and become more complex and specialized in structure and function.
Lifespan Perspective: Development is: lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, highly plastic and affected by multiple interactive forces.
Growth: The process by which organisms increase in size, weight, strength, and other traits as they develop.
OUR LIFE SPAN: Then and Now
Major Life Events / Transitions Important Issues
Birth Aging
Death Quality of Life
Religious Based Transitions Social Expectations
Start School Freedom/Responsibility
Drive The role of other Social Institutions
Move Out of the House
Total, Financial Independence
BASIC CONCEPTS
DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS
Continuous versus Discontinuous Models
Continuous
Discontinuous
Biopsychosocial Model
IMPORTANT ISSUES:
Nature versus Nurture
Contexts: Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.
Plasticity: Changes from one’s genetic blue print.
Multidimensional / Multidirectional Change
Age-Graded Changes
History-Graded Changes
Individual / Non normative Changes
SCIENCE / RESEARCH
Interdisciplinary Field (Psychology)
Definition: What we know has been drawn from many areas. This is true of all areas of science.
Interdisciplinary Medicine
Sources:
Education / Educational Psychology
Family Studies
Biology
Medicine
Public Health
Etc..
SCIENCE / RESEARCH
Science Versus Common Sense
Common Sense
Science
Hard Science
Soft Science
Research
Types
Basic
Applied
Translational
Methodologies
Longitudinal
Case Studies
Correlational
PERSPECTIVES
PERSPECTIVES
Evolutionary
Darwin
-natural and sexual selection
Lamarck
-heritability of acquired traits
PERSPECTIVES
Psychoanalytic
Freud (1856 - 1939 )
Erikson (Neo Freudian) ( 1902 – 1994)
PERSPECTIVES
FREUD
Role in history
Influences
View of Human Nature
Psychosexual theory
Important Components
Eros / Thanatos
Libido
Fixation
Defense Mechanisms
The Mind
Unconscious
Pre Conscious
Conscious
The Personality
Id Unconscious Pleasure Principle
Ego Conscious Reality Principle
Superego Conscious Ego Ideal
PERSPECTIVES
ERIKSON
Psychosocial theory
Greater emphasis on social control
Considers entire lifespan
Epigenetic crisis
Psychosocial modality
Important aspect of society
PERSPECTIVES
Humanistic
Rogers (1902 – 1987)
Maslow (1908 – 1970)
Key Points
Humans are basically good
People free to grow and develop
Seek “self-actualization” (full potential and true self)
We are all unique
PERSPECTIVES
SOCIAL LEARNING
Bandura (1925 - )
Key Points
Role modeling
Imitation
Non-deterministic theory
Reciprocal determinism (behavior influences and is influenced by outside factors)
PERSPECTIVES
BEHAVIORAL
Watson (1878 – 1958)
Skinner
Pavlov
Key Points
Rewards and Punishment
Focus = Environment
“The Here and Now”
PERSPECTIVES
COGNITIVE
Piaget (1896 – 1980)
Influences
Birth of I.Q. Testing
Key Terms
Schemas (mental framework)
Adaptation
Conservation
Stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)
PERSPETIVES Information Processing Model
Sensory Registers
The Waiting Room for Information
Short Term / Working Memory
Visuo-Spatial Central Phonological
Sketchpad Executive Loop
Long Term Memory
Declarative Non Declarative Semantic Episodic
n
Sensory input
Decay
Decay
PERSPECTIVES
SOCIOCULTURAL
Vygostky (1896 – 1934)
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Z.P.D.
M.K.O.
PERSPECTIVES
ECOLOGICAL
Bronfrenbrenner (1917 – 2005)
Systems
Microsystem: Home, school, peers
Mesosystem: School, community (interactive systems)
Exosystem: ie School boards (non impactive institutions)
Macrosystem: Culture / ideology
Chronosystem: Time in history/
throughout life
