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cf_lawrence_16e_ch11_appt_final1.pptxChapter 11
The Role of Technology
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Ch. 11: Key Learning Objectives
11-1 Defining technology and its characteristics.
11-2 Recognizing how technology has evolved throughout history.
11-3 Analyzing and assessing how technology impacts individuals in society.
11-4 Understanding the potential for unwanted threats arising from individuals’ use of the internet and other social media platforms.
11-5 Examining inequalities in public access to technology.
11-6 Assessing the ethical challenges posed by new technologies.
11-7 Identifying how some governments act to control or censor the use of technology by its citizens.
11-8 Evaluating the benefits and risks of recent breakthroughs in science and medicine.
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Technology Defined
Technology: A broad term referring to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.
Change is the dominant feature of technology:
Sometimes the pace of change is so fast and furious that it approaches the limits of human tolerance.
Technology’s effects are widespread:
Ripples through society until every community is affected.
Technology is self-reinforcing:
Acts as a multiplier to encourage its own faster development.
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Phases in the Development of Technology
Figure 11.1
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The Role of Technology in Our Daily Lives
The Internet
One of the most visible and widely used technological innovations over the past decade has been the Internet.
Enable users to share information along multiple channels linking individuals and organizations.
In 2008, China surpassed the United States with the most Internet users by country.
By 2017, India surpassed the United States and Japan for second largest number of Internet users.
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Top 20 Internet Users by Country, 2017
Figure 11.2
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The Role of Technology in Our Daily Lives2
Behavioral addiction
A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences.
Technology manufacturers are accused of contributing to the increasing behavioral addiction to technology.
Some countries are considering “Cinderella Laws,” to protect children from playing certain games after midnight.
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Unwanted Internet Threats1
Spam: unsolicited commercial e-mails (UCE or junk e-mails) sent in bulk to valid e-mail and mobile accounts.
It has caused extra network traffic and wasted time sorting through the irrelevant or unwanted e-mails to access desired messages.
U.K. and the U.S. have anti-spam legislation.
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Global Spam Volume
Figure 11.3
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Unwanted Internet Threats2
Phishing: The practice of stealing consumers’ personal identity data and financial account credentials by using fake e-mails.
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The Digital Divide in the United States and Worldwide1
Digital divide: Gap between those that have technology and those that do not.
Problem: less advantaged individuals and societies may not enjoy the same benefits of technology as others.
Argument: Mobile broadband access isn’t the same as at-home connectivity.
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The Digital Divide in the United States and Worldwide2
By 2013, nearly 98 percent of American homes were able to access the Internet on some sort of high-speed broadband network, either at home or work.
By 2017, more than 52 percent of people on the planet still did not have Internet access.
The average global Internet speed was 7.7 megabits per second (Mbps).
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Mobile Telephones
Use radio technology to enable users to place calls from a mobile device, with transmission over a service area divided into small “cells,” each with its own low-power radio transmitter.
M-commerce: conducted via mobile or cell phones, allows consumers to use their mobile phones as an electronic wallet.
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Mobile Payments1
Figure 11.4 (1)
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Mobile Payments2
Figure 11.4 (2)
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Mobile Payments3
Figure 11.4 (3)
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Social Networking
Social networking: a system using technology to enable people to connect, explore interests, and share activities around the world, exploded on to the technology scene in the 2000s, altering many social and human interactions.
Raises additional responsibilities to ensure that the interactions are ethical and socially beneficial.
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Americans with a Social Profile, 2008-2017
Figure 11.5
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Ethical Challenges Involving Technology1
The Loss of Privacy
Individuals are under a technology microscope with vast amounts of data collected each minute and available to be analyzed in great detail.
In 2014, a law was introduced in the U.S. that would require car owners to control the data collected on the device called the event data recorder, commonly known as a black box.
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Ethical Challenges Involving Technology2
Free Speech Issues
Examples:
Anthony Elonis was accused of threatening his estranged wife based on a series of Facebook posts.
FB Anon was shut down after Facebook found that the group violated the site’s terms of service by posting racist and sexist comments anonymously.
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Ethical Challenges Involving Technology3
Government censorship of free speech
In democratic countries, the role of government is more likely to look out for the public good and protect intellectual property.
In some nondemocratic or authoritarian societies, governments have attempted to limit their citizens’ access to the Internet based on political, security, and religious grounds.
Examples:
China.
Pakistan.
Iran.
North Korea.
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The Impact of Scientific Breakthroughs1
Some of the most profound impacts on our lives come from scientific breakthroughs:
Genetically modified or engineered foods:
Involves altering the natural makeup of a living organism and allowed scientists to insert virtually any gene into a plant and create a new crop or a new species.
The sequencing of the human genome and the use of genetic information:
The identification of human genes is critical to the early diagnosis of life-threatening diseases, the invention of new ways to prevent illnesses, and the development of drug therapies to treat a person’s unique genetic profile.
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The Impact of Scientific Breakthroughs2
The advent of biotechnology and the resulting stem-cell research:
Tissue engineering and stem-cell research.
Offer the promise that failing human organs and aging cells could be rejuvenated or replaced with healthy cells or tissues grown anew.
Medical breakthroughs:
In pharmaceutical care and medicine are occurring at a breathtaking pace.
Examples:
Surgery using 3-D glasses and a videomicroscope.
Delivering blood for transfusions by drone in Africa.
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The Controversies that Emerge Over Scientific Breakthroughs
How to maximize the benefits to individuals and society yet minimize or eliminate the negative consequences regarding these technological developments must continue to be addressed?
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End of Main Content
Because learning changes everything.®
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Closing slide.
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Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
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Phases in the Development of Technology Text Alternative
The table has a heading, seven rows, and five columns. Column 1 is titled technology level, column 2 is titled phases in the development of technology, column 3 is titled approximate period, column 4 is titled activity, and column 5 is titled primary skill used.
In the first data row, column 1 reads 1, column 2 reads nomadic-agrarian, column 3 reads until 1650, column 4 reads harvesting, and column 5 reads manual.
In the second data row, column 1 reads 2, column 2 reads agrarian, column 3 reads 1650 to 1900, column 4 reads planting and harvesting, and column 5 reads manual.
In the third data row, column 1 reads 3, column 2 reads industrial, column 3 reads 1900 to 1960, column 4 reads building material goods, and column 5 reads manual and machine.
In the fourth data row, column 1 reads 4, column 2 reads service, column 3 reads 1960 to 1975, column 4 reads providing services, and column 5 reads manual and intellectual.
In the fifth data row, column 1 reads 5, column 2 reads information, column 3 reads 1975 to 2000, column 4 reads thinking and designing, and column 5 reads intellectual and electronic.
In the sixth data row, column 1 reads 6, column 2 reads semantic, column 3 reads 2000 to today, column 4 reads relevance and context, and column 5 reads intellectual and networking.
In the seventh data row, column 1 reads 7; column 2 reads biotechnology; column 3 reads 2016 to today; column 4 reads application of engineering and biological sciences.
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Top 20 Internet Users by Country, 2017 Text Alternative
The top bar graph is labeled Internet users, June 2017 The x-axis is labeled millions of users and contains eleven markings. From the left to the right, these markings read 0.0, 100.0, 200.0, 300.0, 400.0, 500.0, 600.0, 700.0, 800.0, 900.0, and 1,000.0.
The y-axis is labeled country and contains twelve markings. From the top to the bottom, the labels read China, India, United States, Brazil, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Nigeria, Mexico, Bangladesh, Top 10 countries, and rest of the world.
Bars extend from the y-axis to indicate the millions of users per country. These bars are parallel to the x-axis.
From top to bottom, the country data reads as follows:
China has around 725 million users; India about 460 million users; United States about 280 million users; Brazil has about 125 million users; Indonesia around 120 million users; Japan near 110 million users; Russia just over 100 million users; Nigeria has just under 100 million users; Mexico has around 80 million users; Bangladesh has about 75 million users; top 10 countries have 2,237,370,522 million users; and the rest of the world has 1,648,197,097 million users.
The bar graph at the bottom is labeled Internet usage growth, 2000-2017. The x-axis contains ten markings. From the left to the right, these markings read 0 percent; 1,000 percent; 2,000 percent; 3,000 percent; 4,000 percent; 5,000 percent; 6,000 percent, 7,000 percent; 8,000 percent; and 9,000percent.
The y-axis is labeled millions of users and contains seven markings. From the bottom to the top, these markings read North America, Oceania or Australia, Europe, Asia, Latin America or Caribbean, Middle East, and Africa.
In North America, Internet usage increased by approximately 100 percent.
In Oceania or Australia, Internet usage increased by approximately 200 percent.
In Europe, Internet usage increased by approximately 600 percent.
In Asia, Internet usage increased by approximately 1,600 percent.
In Latin America or the Caribbean, Internet usage increased by approximately 2,100 percent.
In the Middle East, Internet usage increased by approximately 4,300 percent.
In Africa, Internet usage increased by approximately 8,500 percent, the greatest increase of all regions.
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Global Spam Volume Text Alternative
The x-axis represents dates and contains fifteen markings, with every other marking labeled from left to right as follows:
January 2014; July 2014; January 2015; July 2015; January 2016; July 2016; January 2017; and July 2017.
The y-axis contains nine markings from bottom to top labeled as follows: 0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 70; and 80.
The global spam volume data reads as follows:
January 2014 volume was 65 percent; July 2014 volume was 70 percent; January 2015 volume was around 68 percent; July 2015 volume was just over 50 percent; January 2016 volume was around 59 percent; July 2016 volume was around 56 percent; January 2017 volume was near 55 percent; and July 2017 volume was just over 55 percent.
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Mobile Payments1 Text Alternative
The x-axis contains nine markings labeled from left to right as: 0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35; and 40.
The y-axis contains five markings labeled from top to bottom as: Physical product; mobile app; digital content; food or drink; and service.
The data for mobile payment usage by purchase type reads as follows from top to bottom:
Physical product represents about 36 percent of purchases;
Mobile app represents around 33 percent of purchase;
Digital content represents 30 percent of purchases;
Food or drink represents about 26 percent of purchases;
And service represents around 18 percent of purchases.
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Mobile Payments2 Text Alternative
The x-axis has six markings labeled from left to right as: 0; 20; 40; 60; 80; and 100.
The y-axis contains ten country markers labeled from top to bottom as: China; Nigeria; South Africa; India; United States; United Kingdom; Global; Germany; Brazil; and France.
The data for mobile commerce usage over a recent six month period by country is as follows:
China tops the list with 88 percent usage; Nigeria has about 83 percent; South Africa around 82 percent; India, the United States and the United Kingdom had 80 percent; Global usage was about 78 percent; Germany had around 76 percent; Brazil about 71 percent; and France had around 66 percent.
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Mobile Payments3 Text Alternative
The x-axis has ten markers labeled from left to right as: 0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35; 40; and 45.
The y-axis list five ways that people make mobile payments. From top to bottom, the labels read as follows: Type credit or debit card information into mobile website; directly to mobile phone bill; via an app; via mobile wallet plus, for example Apple Pay); and Airtime transfer.
The data from bottom to top reads as follows:
Airtime transfer at 18 percent;
Via mobile wallet plus at 18 percent;
Via an app at 31 percent;
Directly to mobile phone bill at 35 percent;
And type credit or debit card information into mobile website topped the list at 41 percent.
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Americans with a Social Profile, 2008-2017 Text Alternative
The x-axis is labeled year and has ten markings from left to right as follows: 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; and 2017.
The y-axis is labeled percentage of U.S. population and has ten markings from bottom to top marked as:
0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 70; 80; and 90.
The number of Americans with a social profile is as follows:
2008 at 24 percent; 2009 at 34 percent; 2010 at 48 percent; 2011 at 52 percent; 2012 at 56 percent; 2013 at 62 percent; 2014 at 67 percent; 2015 at 73 percent; 2016 at 78 percent; and 2017 at 81 percent.
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