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cf_chapter_4.pptxBusiness Research Ethics
Chapter 4
Doing Research in the Business World
David E. Gray
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Singapore | Washington DC
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi
Singapore | Washington DC
Session Objectives
After this session you will be able to:
Define what we mean by ethics
Explain why ethics are now so important to organizations and individuals undertaking research
Describe why adopting an ethical approach to research is important
Describe how ethical principles are of benefit to sound research design
Apply an ethical framework to your own research design and practice
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What do we mean by ‘ethics’
The moral principles guiding research (ESRC, 2004)
Sets of moral principles or norms that are used to guide moral choices of behaviour and relationships with others (Blumberg, et al, 2005)
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Summary of ethical stances
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Summary of Nuremberg Code
Voluntary consent of the human subject is essential
Experiment should yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature
Experiment should be so designed on a knowledge of the problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.
Experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury
No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur
The degree of risk should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment
Adequate facilities should be provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death
The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons
The human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation seems to him to be impossible
The researcher must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, that a continuation is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject
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Typical research involving ethical risk
Vulnerable groups – such as children and young people, those with learning disabilities or special needs
Sensitive topics – for example, sexual or illegal activities, or people’s experience of abuse or violence
Subjects can only be accessed via a gatekeeper – for example, some ethnic or cultural groups
Element of deception such as covert observation used without a participant’s full or informed consent
Access to confidential records or information
Activities leading to stress, anxiety or humiliation amongst target groups
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Ethical principles
Ethical principles, then, fall into four main areas, namely, the need to:
Avoid harm to participants (and producing benefits)
Ensure informed consent of participants
Respect the privacy of participants
Avoid the use of deception
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Avoiding harm to participants
Research will be considered harmful if it causes a participant to be
Embarrassed
Ridiculed
Belittled or generally subject to mental distress
Anxious
Stressed
Subject to negative emotional reactions
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Informed consent
Researcher should provide information on:
The aims of the research.
Who will be undertaking it.
Who is being asked to participate.
What kind of information is being sought.
How much of the participant’s time is required
That participation in the study is voluntary.
That responding to all questions is voluntary.
Who will have access to the data once it is collected.
How anonymity of respondents will be preserved.
Who should it be returned to and by when
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Respecting privacy
Respondents must give informed consent
Respondents have the right to withdraw at any time
Data (in electronic and manual forms) must be kept securely
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Avoiding deception
Best achieved by being open and transparent about the research including:
Its objectives
Methods
Uses
Role of respondent, including time and any other commitments
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Checklist of ethical issues
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Research ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research, conducting research in a responsible and morally defensible way
Any research involving the study of human populations can involve ethical considerations but particularly research that deals with vulnerable groups, and/or involves sensitive topics that could cause distress or anxiety or involves any element of deception
Central to the principles of research are that it should: avoid harm to participants, ensure informed consent, respect the privacy of participants and avoid deception
Summary
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