Intercultural Effectiveness Developmental Plan

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— BUSM4688 Cross Cultural Management Topic 3: Comparing Cultures

Dr. Shea Fan School of Management

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Objectives

1.  Assignment discussions: presentation 2.  Understand different theories about culture

1)  Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck 2)  Hofstede 3)  Fons Trompenaar

3.  Application: How can we overcome cultural differences at work? - BBC podcast

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Assignment discussion 1.  Read the assignment instructions and marking criteria 2.  What is the assignment about? Intercultural Effectiveness Developmental Plan 3.  What is the purpose of this assignment?

1)  to reflect on your own attitudes/ behaviours 2)  to show what you have learned from this class and from

your interactions with peers 3)  to identify areas for your personal development 4)  to make an action plan to improve your intercultural

effectiveness 4.  Marking criteria:

1)  Reflection: superficial reflection ✗ 2)  Knowledge 3)  Writing 4)  Referencing

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Assignment discussion

1.  How can I select a topic? 1)  Personal experience (current or past) 2)  Team work experience (current or past) 3)  Measures (cultural orientation, cultural map, time

preference, CQ) 4)  The more specific, the better

2.  Structure 1)  Introduction: identifying weaknesses, example(s) 2)  In-depth Reflection 3)  Interpretation (identifying the cause) 4)  Action plan

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Assignment discussion 3. Apply theory?

1)  Where can I find theories? 2)  Fit between the theory and the topic you chose 3)  References: a) readings & library database; b) use 5

academic references; c) non-academic references 4)  Demonstrate what you have learned from this

course. 4. Action plan 5. Read the “advice” & “other information” in the instruction

•  Use “I” in your writing.

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Content Chart

Foundations

• The nature of culture

• Comparing cultures

• Beyond culture frameworks

Theory Applications

• Working in multicultural teams

• Communicating with culturally different others

• Cultural intelligence

Management

• Understanding culturally diverse employees

• Managing cultural diversity

• Managing language in MNCs

Self-lead learning: discussions, presentations, team investigation

Intercultural effectiveness development: knowledge, self-reflection, attitudes & behavioral change

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Review

1.  Can we compare cultures? Why?

2. Why is it difficult to compare cultures?

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Content Chart

Foundations

• The nature of culture

• Comparing cultures

• Beyond culture frameworks

Theory Applications

• Working in multicultural teams

• Communicating with culturally different others

• Cultural intelligence

Management

• Understanding culturally diverse employees

• Managing cultural diversity

• Managing language in MNCs

Self-lead learning: discussions, presentations, team investigation

Intercultural effectiveness development: knowledge, self-reflection, attitudes & behavioral change

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Pressing managerial questions

Why do our employees in other countries behave differently?

How can we bridge the differences?

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Cultural Frameworks

How can we

compare cultures

Trompenaar

Hofstede

Kluckhohn &

Strodtbeck

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Cultural Orientations Framework (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck )

•  Anthropologists •  Studied cultural groups in the US. •  Value-based framework •  Published in 1961

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•  Me as a person, based on my own personal experiences and what I learned from my parents.

•  Me as a cultural being, based on how I learned to be socially acceptable person in my culture

•  Me as a human being, based on what is shared by all human beings.

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Cultural Orientations Framework (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck)

1.  Belief about human nature (“Who am I?”) Good, evil, or mixture

2.  Relationship to nature (“How do I see the world?”) Mastery, harmonious, submissive

3.  Relationships between people (How do I relate to other people?) Individualism or collectivism

4.  Nature of human activity (“What do I do?”) Being, or doing (achievement)

5.  Conception of space (“How do I see space and time?”) Private, public or mixed

6.  Orientation to time Past, present, future

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Hofstede: The Work Related Value Perspective

Hofstede: Culture: “software of the mind” Short history: •  Dutch researcher •  IBM corporation units worldwide •  Large scale survey •  Employees’ attitude and work related values

questionnaire •  1970s

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01 Power distance 02 Individualism vs. collectivism

03 Femininity vs. masculinity

04 Uncertainty avoidance

Hofstede’s

Work Related Value Perspective

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American culture individualism

Japanese culture Collectivism

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Trompenaar •  Fons Trompenaar •  Dutch researcher •  Published in 1994 •  23 countries, 500 questionnaires at least

in each country •  Value & relation orientations

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Trompenaars’ Dimensions •  How people relate to others

–  Universalism vs Particularism –  Individualism vs Collectivism –  Neutral vs Affective –  Specific vs Diffuse –  Achievement vs Ascription

•  Relationship to time –  Past, present, future –  Sequential vs. synchronic (monochronic vs. polychronic)

•  Relationship to nature •  Internal vs. external

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You are riding in a car driven by a close friend. He hits a pedestrian. You know he was going at least 35 miles per hour in an area of the city where the maximum speed is 20 miles per hour. There are no witnesses. His lawyer says that if you testify under oath that he was driving 20 miles per hour it may save him from serious consequences. What right has your friend to expect you to protect him?

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A) My friend has a definite right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.

B) He has some right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.

C) He has no right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.

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Emotional Orientation in Relationships

Involvement in Relationships

Legitimization of Power and Status

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Obligation

Universalistic Particularistic Rules, legal systems, contracts, one right way Relationships, personal networks, trust, many ways

Neutral Affective Control emotions, little physical contact Express emotions, lot of physical contact

Specific Diffuse Large public space, comparmentalise life Small public space, link private & work life

Achievement Ascription Based on competence, skills, knowledge Based on family background, age, gender

Trompenaar’s Dimensions

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Pressing managerial questions

Why do our employees in other countries behave differently?

How can we bridge the differences?

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Canvasà topic 4 learning materials

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Take home messages

•  What are the six qu

estions tha t all human

groups

need to an swer? Wh

at do they mean?

•  What’s th e connecti

ons betwe en the fram

eworks of

Hofstede & Trompenn

ar and Klu ckhohm &

Strodtbeck ’s research

?

•  Can you explain H

ofstede’s d imensions

?

•  Can you explain so

me of Trom penaar’s d

imensions ,

such as un iversalism

vs. particu larism?