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Campbell Biology: Concepts &

Connections

Tenth Edition

Chapter 1

Biology: Exploring Life

Introduction (1 of 2)

• Red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are well adapted for life in

the mountainous forests of Asia.

– Their red and white coat acts as camouflage among

the red mosses and white lichens of their environment.

– Their long, bushy tail helps them balance in the trees

and provides warmth during the winter.

– A bony projection in their wrist helps them grasp one of

their favorite foods, bamboo.

Introduction (2 of 2)

• Are red and giant pandas closely related?

• Scientists once thought so but have since reclassified

red pandas into their own family.

Figure 1.0_1

Figure 1.0_2

Biology: The Scientific Study

of Life

1.1 Biology is the Scientific Study of

Life (1 of 2)

• Biology is the scientific study of life.

• But what is life? Properties of life include order,

reproduction, growth and development, energy

processing, regulation, response to the environment,

and evolutionary adaptation.

• The cell is the structural and functional unit of life.

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1_1

Figure 1.1_2

Figure 1.1_3

Figure 1.1_4

Figure 1.1_5

Figure 1.1_7

Figure 1.1_6

1.1 Biology is the Scientific Study of

Life (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question How is life recognized?

1.2 Biologists Arrange the Diversity

of Life into Three Domains (1 of 2)

• Taxonomists name species and classify them into broader

groups.

• Although the debate continues, there is consensus among

biologists that life can be organized into three higher levels

called domains.

– Domains Bacteria and Archaea contain organisms with

simple cells.

– Domain Eukarya includes various protists and the

kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.2_1

Figure 1.2_2

Figure 1.2_3

Figure 1.2_4

Figure 1.2_5

Figure 1.2_6

1.2 Biologists Arrange the Diversity

of Life into Three Domains (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question To which of the three domains of life

do we belong?

1.3 Visualizing the Concept: In Life’s

Hierarchy of Organization, New

Properties Emerge at Each Level (1 of 2)

• Biologists study life across a very broad range of scales,

from the molecules in a cell to the entire living planet.

• They divide this vast scope of biology into a series of

structural levels.

• Emergent properties result from the specific arrangement

and interactions among component parts.

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.3_1

Figure 1.3_2_1

Figure 1.3_2_2

Figure 1.3_2_3

Figure 1.3_2_4

Figure 1.3_2_5

1.3 Visualizing the Concept: In Life’s

Hierarchy of Organization, New

Properties Emerge at Each Level (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question Which of these levels of biological

organization includes all of the others in the list: cell,

molecule, organ, tissue?

The Process of Science

1.4 What Is Science? (1 of 2)

• Science is a way of knowing—an approach to

understanding the natural world.

– Science uses an evidence-based process of inquiry to

investigate the natural world.

– The scientific approach involves observations,

hypotheses, predictions, tests of hypotheses via

experiments or additional observations, and analysis

of data.

– A scientific theory is broad in scope and supported by

a large body of evidence.

Figure 1.4_1

Figure 1.4_2

Figure 1.4_3

1.4 What Is Science? (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question What is the main requirement for a

scientific hypothesis?

1.5 Hypotheses Can Be Tested Using

Controlled Experiments (1 of 3)

• In an experimental test of a hypothesis, researchers often

manipulate one component in a system and observe the

effects of this change.

– The factor that is manipulated is called the

independent variable.

– The measure used to judge the outcome of the

experiment is called the dependent variable. This

variable depends on the manipulated variable.

– A controlled experiment compares an experimental

group with a control group.

1.5 Hypotheses Can Be Tested Using

Controlled Experiments (2 of 3)

• The use of control and experimental groups can

demonstrate the effect of a single variable. For example,

researchers found that mice models that did not match

their habitat had higher predation rates than camouflaged

models.

• Hypotheses can be tested in humans with clinical trials, as

well as retrospective or prospective observational studies.

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.5_1

Figure 1.5_2

Table 1.5 Results from Camouflage

Experiment

Habitat Number of Attacks

on Camouflaged

Models

Number of Attacks

on Noncamouflaged

Models

% Attacks on

Noncamouflaged

Models

Beach (light

habitat)

2 5 71%

Inland (dark

habitat)

5 16 76%

Data from S. N. Vignieri et al., The selective advantage of crypsis in mice,

Evolution 64: 2153–8 (2010).

1.5 Hypotheses Can Be Tested Using

Controlled Experiments (3 of 3)

Checkpoint question In some studies, researchers try to

match factors such as sex, age, and general health for

subjects in the control and experimental groups. What is this

experimental design trying to do?

1.6 Scientific Thinking: Hypotheses Can

Be Tested Using Observational Data (1 of 2)

• Scientists tested hypotheses about the evolutionary

relationships of red pandas.

– Based on observations of physical similarities,

scientists initially hypothesized that the red panda was

most closely related to raccoons.

– Other scientists, observing that the diet and habitat of

red pandas were similar to those of giant pandas,

placed the two pandas together in their own family.

– But recent studies comparing DNA sequences led

scientists to classify red pandas as the only living

species of their own family.

Figure 1.6

1.6 Scientific Thinking: Hypotheses Can

Be Tested Using Observational Data (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question Explain why comparisons of DNA

sequences are considered observational and not

experimental data.

1.7 The Process of Science Is Repetitive,

Nonlinear, and Collaborative (1 of 2)

• Forming and testing hypotheses are at the core of science.

This endeavor is influenced by three spheres:

1. exploration and discovery,

2. analysis and feedback from the scientific community,

and

3. societal benefits and outcomes.

Figure 1.7

1.7 The Process of Science Is Repetitive,

Nonlinear, and Collaborative (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question Why is hypothesis testing at the

center of the process of science?

1.8 Connection: Biology, Technology, and

Society Are Connected in Important Ways

• The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena.

• In contrast, the goal of technology is to apply scientific

knowledge for some specific purpose.

• These two fields, however, are interdependent.

Technological advances stem from scientific research, and

research benefits from new technologies.

Five Unifying Themes in

Biology

1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core

Theme of Biology (1 of 4)

• Life is distinguished by its unity and its diversity.

• The scientific explanation for this unity and diversity is

evolution, the process of change that has transformed life

on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast array of

organisms living today.

Figure 1.9a

Figure 1.9a_1

Figure 1.9a_2

Figure 1.9a_3

1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core

Theme of Biology (2 of 4)

• Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by natural

selection.

Figure 1.9b_1

Figure 1.9b_2

Figure 1.9b_3

1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core

Theme of Biology (3 of 4)

• Each species on Earth today has a family history.

• A species represents one twig on a branching tree of life

that extends back in time through ancestral species more

and more remote.

Figure 1.9c

1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core

Theme of Biology (4 of 4)

Checkpoint question Explain the cause and effect of

unequal reproductive success.

Video: Blue-Footed Boobies Courtship

Ritual

Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual

1.10 Evolution Connection: Evolution Is

Connected to Our Everyday Lives (1 of 2)

• Evolutionary theory is useful in medicine, conservation,

and agriculture.

• Through the selective breeding of plants and animals,

humans also act as agents of evolution.

• As a result of artificial selection, our crops, livestock,

and pets bear little resemblance to their wild ancestors.

1.10 Evolution Connection: Evolution Is

Connected to Our Everyday Lives (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question Explain how humans are agents of

both artificial selection and natural selection.

1.11 Theme: Life Depends on the

Flow of Information (1 of 2)

• The processes of life depend on the transmission and use

of information.

– DNA is responsible for heredity and for programming

the activities of a cell by providing the blueprint for

proteins.

– Information from the external and internal environment

includes the stimuli, signals, and pathways that

regulate body processes and gene expression.

Figure 1.11a

Figure 1.11b

Figure 1.11c

1.11 Theme: Life Depends on the

Flow of Information (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question How is signaling information involved

in the expression of genetic information?

1.12 Theme: Structure and Function

Are Related (1 of 2)

• The relationship between structure and function can be

observed at every level of life.

• At the molecular level, the structure of a protein correlates

with its function. For example, hemoglobin molecules

transport oxygen in blood.

• On the cellular level, the long extensions of nerve cells

enable them to transmit impulses from your spinal cord to

your toes.

Figure 1.12a

Figure 1.12b

Figure 1.12b_1

Figure 1.12b_2

Video: Soaring Hawk

1.12 Theme: Structure and

Function Are Related (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question Look at the structure of your hand

and explain how its structure supports its function.

1.13 Theme: Life Depends on the

Transfer and Transformation of

Energy and Matter (1 of 3)

• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction

– entering as sunlight,

– converted to chemical energy by producers,

– passed on to consumers, and

– exiting as heat.

1.13 Theme: Life Depends on the

Transfer and Transformation of

Energy and Matter (2 of 3)

• Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of matter

– from the atmosphere and soil,

– through producers, consumers, and decomposers,

– then back to the environment.

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.13_1

Figure 1.13_2

1.13 Theme: Life Depends on the

Transfer and Transformation of

Energy and Matter (3 of 3)

Checkpoint question Describe how photosynthesis

transforms energy and matter.

1.14 Theme: Life Depends on Interactions

Within and Between Systems (1 of 2)

• The study of life extends from the microscopic scale of the

molecules and cells that make up an organism to the

global scale of the living planet.

• Emergent properties are the result of interactions between

the components of a system.

• Using an approach called systems biology, scientists

attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by

analyzing the interactions among their parts.

1.14 Theme: Life Depends on Interactions

Within and Between Systems (2 of 2)

Checkpoint question A box of bicycle parts won’t do

anything, but if the parts are properly assembled, you can

take a ride. What does this illustrate?

Figure 1.14

You Should Now Be Able To (1 of 3)

1. Describe seven properties common to all life.

2. Compare the three domains of life.

3. Describe the levels of biological organization from

molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships

between levels.

4. Describe the concept of emergent properties.

5. Define science and distinguish between a hypothesis and

a scientific theory.

6. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment.

You Should Now Be Able To (2 of 3)

7. Explain how hypotheses can be used to test

observational data.

8. Explain how science is repetitive, nonlinear, and

collaborative.

9. Describe the relationship between science and

technology.

10.Describe the process and products of natural selection.

11.Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans.

You Should Now Be Able To (3 of 3)

12.Explain how DNA determines an organism’s structures

and functions.

13.Describe the relationship between structure and function

in biology.

14.Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an

ecosystem.

15.Explain how systems biology is used to understand

biological systems.

Figure 1.UN02

Figure 1.UN03

Figure 1.UN04

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