Intro about Waste dump

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POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL CECE 4230

Land Contamination Due to Municipal Solid Waste Disposal

Students Name : Alaa Hamood AL.Harrasi 52S149

Shatha Jumma AL.Junaibi 52S1437

Etisam Ali AL.Kyumi 52S14302

Lecturer : Dr.K.Parameswar & Hamed Ali Al Kindi

Introduction

The Sultanate of Oman comprises 317 waste dumps distributed throughout the region, with an annual volume of about 1.7 million tons of solid waste, which represents the largest proportion of paper, followed by plastic and glass. The Government established the Omani Environmental Services Holding Company (Bee'ah) six years ago and was entrusted with the task of preparing feasibility studies and research for a scientific and sustainable treatment with waste.

At the beginning of the year, the company decided to shut down and rehabilitate the dumps, and to reduce this huge number in 13 areas of engineering to get rid of solid waste in a safe manner to prevent the leakage of damage to the groundwater, and ensure the prevention of leaks of gases contributing to global warming. With the establishment of 36 transfer stations for the collection and transport of waste in the Sultanate, whose task is to transfer the waste after sorting to the engineering mirdam. The Sultanate of Oman is one of the Arab countries that attaches great importance to environmental projects as well as to make the most of the waste by converting them into industrial products that can turn into profitable, economically viable and developmental investments.

"At the beginning of the year, the company decided to shut down and rehabilitate the dumps, and to reduce this huge number in 13 areas of engineering to get rid of solid waste in a safe manner to prevent leakage of damage to groundwater"

Take advantage of construction waste

Experts explain that the Sultanate's strategy is based on sorting, recycling and manufacturing, with the development of this sector in the future through pilot projects in this field. BEAEA is mandated by the law to deal with the waste sector in the Sultanate, from the development of strategies to its implementation on the ground, in order to fulfill the responsibilities and directives of Sultan Qaboos Bin It deals with all forms of waste, including green residues that can be analyzed, electronic and electrical wastes, demolition and construction wastes, expired cars, used tires and finished batteries, as well as health waste.

He added: Construction waste is of great importance in our strategy, especially with the construction of the Batinah coastal road and the demolition of about 2000 houses and the transfer of their residues to the landfill. Therefore, we decided to take advantage of these wastes in road construction rather than waste, Or on roads near residential areas.

Health services institutions in the Sultanate produce 4,500 tons of sanitary waste per year, most of which are classified as hazardous waste containing toxic or radioactive substances. In order to reduce the impact of these substances on the environment, Bee'ah adopted a long-term strategy aimed at final and safe disposal of waste By transferring them to the health care waste treatment plant in the state of Amerat, and disposing of them through heat treatment or incineration. In Amerat, we have two lines of this type with European specifications. The single line handles 2.75 tons in 12 hours a day, as well as another method of sterilization treatment Full.

Health services institutions in the Sultanate produce 4,500 tons of sanitary waste per year, most of which are classified as hazardous waste containing toxic or radioactive substances

National strategy

Omani Economy Minister Mohammad Al-Harthy said Oman needs a comprehensive national strategy to manage the waste sector, including industrial and agricultural waste, while allowing small and medium-sized companies to contribute to the development of the sector and to stand with the government in this field.

He added that the Sultanate is capable of promoting this sector, supporting the Omani economy and creating employment opportunities by establishing related industries, and preparing the legislative, legal and classification of waste according to the principles and principles applied globally to limit their negative impact on society. The temperature is very high with a high humidity throughout the year.

He stressed the need to spread awareness of the dangers of solid waste and electronic and medical waste, in light of the spread of computers and mobile and others, and alert school students from the very young age of the importance of cleanliness and disposal of waste and involve them in voluntary campaigns to clean the neighborhoods and beaches and to identify the separation of garbage from the source for easy sorting later and benefit from them. Recycling operations.

We are aware of the importance of waste recycling and environmental and economic benefits in the Sultanate, said Hilal Bin Khalfan Al Nu'mani, Executive Vice President, Municipal Waste, BEAEA. We aim to achieve this goal in accordance with the Sustainable Waste Management Systems approach to reduce the amount of natural resources consumed while ensuring the reuse and recycling of any natural resources many times.

The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from municipality to municipality, and it changes significantly with time. In municipalities, which have a well-developed waste recycling system, the waste stream mainly consists of intractable wastes such as plastic film and non-recyclable packaging materials. At the start of the 20th century, the majority of domestic waste (53%) in the UK consisted of coal ash from open fires. In developed areas without significant recycling activity it predominantly includes food wastes, market wastes, yard wastes, plastic containers and product packaging materials, and other miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge. Waste collection is performed by the municipality within a given area. The term residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for reprocessing.

Waste can be classified in several ways but the following list represents a typical classification:

· Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (most can be recycled although some difficult to compost plant material may be excluded

· Recyclable materials: paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jars, tin cans, aluminum cans, aluminum foil, metals, certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, tires, batteries, etc.

· Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris

· Electrical and electronic waste: electrical appliances, light bulbs, washing machines, TVs, computers, screens, mobile phones, alarm clocks, watches, etc.

· Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys

· Hazardous waste: including most paints, chemicals, tires, batteries, light bulbs, electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps, aerosol spray cans, and fertilizers

· Toxic waste: including pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides

· Biomedical waste: expired pharmaceutical drugs, etc.

The case study will discuss the land contamination due to the municipal solid waste disposal in Jamma village.

General Information about the targeted place:

Jamma , is a small village near Al Rustaq in the South Al Batinah region . It can be reached directely from Muscat via-Muscat Expressway . It is about 20 km North-East of Al Rustaq . With a population approximately 2158 .

These images illustrate the geographic difference in the village of Jamma

Solid Waste Disposal Area in Jamma

· Established from more than 20 years

· It is only 15 km far from the residential district

· It is an open dumping

Some pictures of waste disposal in Jamma

The properties of soil near the dumpsite:

The physical properties of soil such as bulk density, total porosity, gravimetric moisture content, hydraulic conductivity and soil texture can determine its suitability for the purpose of waste disposal. In this work, physical properties of soil that play a role in effluent transportation down ground water was studied. These properties included the bulk density, total porosity, gravimetric moisture content, hydraulic conductivity and soil texture.

Soil distribution of heavy metals caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) deposition and its implications for MSW management system in , Results indicated that the highest concentrations of Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn were observed at 0-40 cm while Pb, Fe, and Ni accumulated at depths below 40 cm. Soils affected by waste deposits from market and auto-mechanic sites showed high levels of Fe, Cr, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Zn. The accumulation of heavy metals in the soils was probably due to the formation of metal-oregano-complexes. Therefore, source separation of MSW with proper management systems is proposed to improve the indiscriminate surface dumping practiced at present, while the use of wastes affected sites for cultivation should be discouraged..

The impact of contamination from the waste disposal on underlying soil and comprised the determination of a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic constituents in the samples (size fractions <2 mm) of solid waste, soil and aquifer sediments. Both the total content of various contaminants as well as their part which is readily leachable with water were determined in the examined samples. Compound classes identified in the landfill can be classified into the two main categories:

(I) markers of biological waste and of its microbial transformation (ammonia, dissolved organic carbon, short-chain aliphatic acids, phenols, derivatives of abietic acid)

(2) markers of anthropogenic waste (toxic metals, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactant-derived compounds, phthalates, pharmaceutical chemicals).

Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling.

Waste can take any form that is either solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health. It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.

Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural area), and sectors (residential and industrial).A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.

Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compostfor agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.

The typical garbage can is a single-unit recepticle into which all kinds of garbage are thrown, creating a sort of garbage stew. While this stew contains valuable raw materials, such as aluminum, glass, paper and nutrient-rich organic materials, separating those materials from the stew is expensive. The mixture of inorganic with organic materials produces a disgusting stinky mess that often contains vermin like maggots and disease-causing microbes. Besides being gross and unsanitary, garbage stew is not an economical resource for recycling enterprises. Consequently it's buried in land fills instead - out of sight, out of mind.

Obviously, the best way to eliminate the cost of separating garbage stew into its constituent raw materials is to prevent mixing it in the first place. But as long as there is only a single container within convenient walking distance, people will prefer to make a stew of their garbage. The solution, therefore, is the antithesis of this arrangement, namely to exercise garbage separation at the source, encouraged by a small set of separate containers for different materials.

Today many responsible businesses provide separate containers and the more enlightened communities provide color-coded bins for aluminum cans, glass and paper. Increasingly we see separate containers for glass and aluminum at public events. A special problem remains with plastics, however, because there are so many different types that further need to be separated to make recycling them economically sound.

Other special problems are presented by toxic and noxious wastes, from discarded batteries and smoke alarms, automotive chemicals, cleaning fluids, etc., on a home scale, to nuclear and other dangerous wastes on an industrial scale. While recycling these materials demand other special solutions, preventing their mixture by separating at the source is clearly a start.

A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed.

Leachate is a widely used term in the environmental sciences where it has the specific meaning of a liquid that has dissolved or entrained environmentally harmful substances that may then enter the environment. It is most commonly used in the context of land-filling of putrescible or industrial waste.

In the narrow environmental context leachate is therefore any liquid material that drains from land or stockpiled material and contains significantly elevated concentrations of undesirable material derived from the material that it has passed through.

Landfill Leachates consist of soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Depending on weather leachate flow can increase (during rainy season) or decrease (during dry/summer season). The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The composition of waste changes dramatically over the life of the landfill due to chemical degradation and biological decay of organic matter present. Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day out of which 75% is disposed in the landfill. Leachate characteristics are analysed by standard test. Landfill leachate pollutants are categorized into four groups as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macro components, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.4 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm.

The environmental impacts generated by domestic waste landfill sites are leachate, liquids that are transported between the layers of the waste and are loaded with dissolved solvents or contaminants, and are formed due to the high humidity present in the waste itself during their filling, or as a result of any liquids that may permeate the waste layer after being filled with water Rain and other surface sources of water.

The fluid components of the liquid vary from one site to another, but vary within the same location from one place to another depending on the components of the waste itself. The components of the leachate vary depending on the age of the site. The liquid fluids generated from the newly closed sites differ from fluids generated from closed sites for a long time, In the filtration solutions and their collection and disposal in environmentally appropriate ways will cause pollution of the surface and groundwater layer, resulting in some environmental and health impacts.

Control systems are located at the bottom of the dredge. The system consists of a set of perforated pipes from the upper half placed over the insulating layer in the pit and covered with a layer of gravel to facilitate fluid access to the pipes. The bottom of the pit is tilted and the pipe is placed with a tilt The system may be made up of one or two layers depending on the quality and nature of the waste and the degree of its cutting or separation prior to disposal. The leachate is treated or disposed of as follows:

· Recirculation of the sites to recirculation, in order to expedite the degradation of the       waste especially low-moisture sites.

· Discharge to the nearest drainage system for sanitary sewage.

· Evaporation by natural or mechanical evaporation methods.

· Dispose of them by deep injection method after confirming their components by chemical analysis.

· Establishment of a wastewater treatment unit.

Gases Gas fill sites: gases, carbon dioxide gases, nitrogen gases, oxygen gas and theform of the information of the evolutionary organism of the atoms of the information. Hydrogen. Gas fill sites are generated according to stages:

Phase I : begins with the completion of the proc ess of filling the waste and closing the site, and the process of decomposition is pneumatic for the consumption of oxygen in the air between the pores of the waste, and the air begins to switch quickly to carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Phase II : begins during the first months of the closure of the sites and after the consumption of oxygen (air), where the waste begins to decompose not airless and the absence of air in the first phase, and generates at this stage increase in carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and a very low proportion of methane , As any increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide will be offset by a decrease in the amount of methane.

Phase III: begins after a period of 12-6 months from the closure of sites, an unstable phase of disintegration, where there is a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide and hydrogen dioxide offset by an increase in methane, and the proportion of methane ranges from 45 -60% of the total landfill gas. The concentration and quality of gases and the time period for their continued generation at domestic waste landfill sites vary on several factors:

- Quantity, quality and proportion of waste components, especially the proportion of organic matter.

- Method of filling sites, especially the quality of insulation materials between the layers of waste in the process of landfill daily.

- Waste analysis Anaerobic Anaerobic and is affected by the increase in humidity and increase with it and increase the rates of gas generation and 40% is the appropriate moisture rate of the process of decomposition.

- The pH of the waste site, the process of decomposition is carried out by bacteria living in the appropriate medium.

- Bacterial decomposition at the appropriate temperature between (37-29) ° C.

- Any increase in oxygen at sites that converts bacterial decomposition from anaerobic to an aerobic decomposition that increases decomposition rates and reduces the generation of methane increase carbon dioxide.

Societal exists due to the improper dumping

Wastes are substances that are no longer useful after they have been used once or several times, or are substances that are the result of a particular process, whether biological or industrial (such as factory waste). If not properly handled, they pose a health hazard and a threat to the environment. Waste first threatens people who collect them, such as cleaners, waste-landfill workers, incinerators (waste incinerators) and, second, the public, especially when they accumulate and accumulate in a particular area, for example a strike by cleaners.

· Waste includes a wide range of materials, including but not limited to:

· Stool and urine, which is put into the sewerage systems.

· Remnants of food or damaged food.

· Animal wastes.

· Cleaning products that descend with water during use to sewage.

· Pesticide.

· Damaged or unused furniture.

· Rubble caused by the collapse or demolition of buildings.

· Medical waste, such as syringes, needles, grooves and disposable blades, which also include chemicals used in medicine such as disinfectants and others.

· Dead or slaughtered animals.

· Car batteries.

· Radiation materials, such as materials used in radiotherapy.

Pollution methods:

A person may be exposed to waste in several ways, such as: Contact, such as contact with waste for a person's skin or mucus.

Penetration, such as pricking a person with used needles, or being injured by sharp metal waste.

Swallowing, such as eating food or drinking water or liquids, has leaked waste, such as drinking contaminated water with sewage leaks.

Breathing, and this is through the inhalation of spray contaminated with chemicals from waste or bacteria, or inhalation of air polluted with dust.

Health Risks:

Dermatitis.

· Exposure to tetanus (Clostridium tetani). Bioaerosol, a microorganism that moves in the air, is usually associated with wastes stored in a humid and warm environment, as these microorganisms proliferate greatly.

· Inhaling them in large quantities for a long period of time can cause an allergic reaction.

· Exposure to bacteria from stool, such as E. coli and Salmonella, and viruses may lead to intestinal inflammation. As well as exposure to hepatitis.

· A virus, which is transmitted through food contaminated with the faeces of an infected person.

· Parasites that are associated with animal droppings, such as toxoplasma, which is found in cats' feces in particular, lead to infection of the parasites, and if infected by the pregnant, it may be transmitted to the fetus and lead to serious complications.

· Germs from animal foci such as rodents, such as leptospirosis, an infection associated with rat urine, may lead to jaundice, meningitis and kidney damage

· Blood-borne viruses, such as viral hepatitis B and C, and the HIV virus that     causes AIDS.

In the case of the accumulation of waste, health risks may be difficult to enumerate, as a result of attracting these wastes to flies, insects and mice, all of which may transmit germs to humans.

For health-care waste, they are associated with the following risks, according to WHO:

· Transferring patients, health care providers and the general public.

· The spread of drug-resistant microorganisms from health care institutions.

· Injuries resulting from acute waste such as needles.

· Poisoning and contamination through the secretion of pharmaceutical products.

· Poisoning and contamination through wastewater.

· Poisoning and contamination of toxic elements or compounds, such as mercury, or dioxins - substances that cause cancer in humans - and emit during incineration (waste incineration).

Environmental risk:

· Distortion of the landscape.

· Bad smell.

· Influence on the vital system in the area where the waste is collected, by getting rodents and insects.

· Emissions from waste dumps mainly include methane and carbon dioxide, and these gases are greenhouse gases, whose rise plays a role in warming and warming the planet in the long term.

According to the World Health Organization, landfills can pollute drinking water if not properly built.

According to FAO, "improper incineration or incineration of inappropriate substances results in the discharge of contaminants into the air and ash residues. Incineration of chlorine-containing substances can lead to the generation of dioxins and furans, which are carcinogenic substances in humans and have been detected A wide range of adverse health effects ". "Incineration of heavy metals or substances containing heavy metals (especially lead, mercury and cadmium) can lead to the spread of toxic metals in the environment, so chlorine or metal

suggestion for proper waste dump:

· Developing legal framework and national guidelines for MSW management.

· Developing of 3R’s ( Reduce , Recycle and Reuse).

· Raising awareness about consequences caused by solid waste pollution among :

· General public

· Politicians

· Policy makers

· Administrative bodies

· Collaboration among Government and Private sector.

· Involvement of private sector for collection and recycling on commercial basis.

· Organize collection of MSW at household level by using methods such as door-to-door, house-to-house or community bin service.

· Littering of solid waste should be prohibited in cities and urban areas.

· Proper segregation would be vital for scientific disposal of waste.

· Top covered dumping site.

· A restricted area away from residential areas, farms and animals.

· Spray the area constantly to kill bacteria and viruses to prevent the spread of disease.

· Give special consideration to devising waste collection in slums and squatter areas as well as to commercial areas such as areas with hotel, restaurants and residential complex.

· Segregate at the source all recyclable waste as well as biomedical waste and industrial waste to prevent special waste from being mixed with ordinary municipal solid waste.

· Collect separately all horticultural waste and construction or demolition waste or debris .

Conclusion

Human ways of life have placed pressure on the environment and have caused imbalance in the eco systems by the producing, consuming and wasting of natural resources. Most countries evidently have major effects on the environment due to SW generation with economic development since the natural resources are used, and waste and pollution are produced. Therefore, the concern towards the management of solid waste as an integral part for sustainable development has increased.

With an exponentially increasing population, it is even more important to be considerate about how well individuals take care of the planet. Land is limited, resources are limited, and the health of the plant can only be hurt to a limited extent. As more and more waste is generated yearly, it is evident that this increasing trend is unacceptable in the long run. Landfills and recycling can only temporarily mitigate the immediate consequences of this large waste production. However, if the problem of municipal solid waste is to be truly addressed, the root of the issue must be looked at first. If less waste is generated in the first place, the challenge of finding environmentally feasible ways of disposing of waste will be much easier.

Finally, we enclose a copy of the questionnaire that we distributed to the people of the village in order to know their awareness and satisfaction about the solid waste disposal.

· The importance of solid waste management for sustainable development

The purpose of this questionnaire is to gather preliminary information to assess the importance of solid waste management for sustainable development in target city (Jamma-Rustaq / AL Batinah south governorate). By completing this questionnaire, you are contributing to the development of your city

· Gender

· Male

· Female

· How long have you lived in this city

· Less than one year

· 1-2 years

· 3-4 years

· 5-9 years

· 10 years or more

· What is your major occupation

· Farming

· Business

· Government servant

· Other …………………….

· What type of solid waste comes out from your household ?( One or more answers)

· Paper and carton

· Plastic (Bags and bottles)

· Food waste

· Tins / cans

· Fiber bags

· Glass

· In what type of container do you collect waste ?

· Carton

· Waste Basket

· Old bucket

· Plastic bags

· How often is the waste container emptied?

· Once a day

· Once in two days

· Once in three days

· Once in a week

· Other……………………………..

· Are there any public bins near your house?

· Yes

· No

· How often are the public bins emptied?

· Once a week

· Twice a week

· Thrice a week

· Every day

· Other……………………………..

· Are you satisfied with the service related to waste collection and disposal?

· Yes

· No

Since waste disposal area is relatively close to the neighborhood, do you worry about this? If yes, please explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

· Do you think those responsible for the dump process are doing a good job and the wastes are properly dumped?

· Yes

· No

· What are your suggestions if not properly dumped

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank You for Your Participation

References

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/conclusion/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01873262

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364713000517

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259367682_THE_IMPACT_OF_LANDFILL_ON_SOIL_AND_GROUNDWATER_QUALITY_OF_THE_NANDED_CITY_MAHARASHTRA_1