APA reference

Case Study: Cody

Case Study Student: Cody Age: 5 years, 6 months

Assessment Techniques: Cody was evaluated in October. Informal observation, student interview, and language sampling as well as standardized instruments were used to assess language form, content and use skills. Cody appeared to be cooperating to the

best of his ability during the testing session. The results of this evaluation are therefore judged to be valid.

Form: Articulation/Phonology: The Assessment of Phonological Processes was administered to measure development of phonological skills. Cody received an average phonological process score of 27, with a phonological deviancy score of 37 and a severity interval of moderate. Areas of concern included consonant sequences, velars, liquid /l/, and liquid /r/.

Oral Motor Skills: A cursory oral - peripheral examination including the teeth, tongue, and the hard and soft palates revealed that structure of the oral mechanism was intact and symmetrical. Function of the oropharyngeal mechanism appeared within normal limits for development of verbal communication skills.

Morphology/Syntax: Morphology and syntax skills were assessed informally. An analysis of the language sample indicated that Cody’s language included a variety of linguistic structures, indicating adequate development of syntax and morphology.

Fluency/Voice: Fluency of conversational speech and vocal quality, pitch, loudness were observed to be appropriate for age and gender.

Content: Semantics: Understanding and use of words and word relationships was assessed informally. An analysis of the language sample indicated that Cody’s language included appropriate vocabulary, indicating adequate development of semantic skills.

Use: Pragmatics: In the functional use of language, Cody was able to initiate and maintain a conversation appropriately, attend to listener needs and generally follow the rules of conversational exchange

SPE 502 Donna Wakefield, Updated by Linda Kryzak

Note: Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals - 3, (CELF-

3) Mean 100, σ 15 Test of Auditory Processing,

(TAPS) Subtest – mean 10, σ 3 Total test – mean 100, σ 15

Assessing Semantic Skills Through Everyday Themes, (ASSET) Mean 100, σ 15

In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.[1] A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.

Standard deviation may be abbreviated SD, and is most commonly represented in mathematical texts and equations by the lower case Greek letter sigma σ, for the population standard deviation, or the Latin letter s, for the sample standard deviation.