Case Studies 1
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vd �Y q d �d msd q hmf -�Ln r s�vd q d �d mf hmd d q d c )�r n ld �a q hkkhY mskx )�s n �lY mY f d �
r sY a kd )�ghf g,u n kt ld �o q n c t b shn m�a x �b Y o hsY khy hmf �n m�kY a n q ,Y q a hsq Y f d �n o o n q st ,�
mhshd r �Y u Y hkY a kd �hm�BghmY �Y mc �n sgd q �kn v,b n r s�b n t msq hd r -�At s�hm�Y �et st q d �
vgd m�sgd �q d kY s hu d �Y s s q Y b s hu d md r r �n e�lY mt eY b s t q hmf �kn b Y s hn mr �b gY mf d r �
p t hb j kx ”Y kn mf �vhsg�sgd �Y a hkhsx �sn �o q n c t b d �kY q f d �u n kt ld r �d b n mn lhb Y kkx ”
r t b g�r sY mc Y q c �Y o o q n Y b gd r �b Y m�kd Y u d �b n lo Y mhd r �c Y mf d q n t r kx �d w o n r d c -
SgY s�et st q d )�r o t q q d c �a x �Y �q hr hmf �shc d �n e�f kn a Y k�t mb d q sY hmsx �Y mc �a t r hmd r r �
b n lo kd w hs x )�hr �b n lhmf �r n n md q �sgY m�lY mx �b n lo Y mhd r �d w o d b s-�R n ld �n e��
sgd �b gY kkd mf d r �’st q a t kd ms�sq Y c d �Y mc �b Y o hsY k�fin vr)�en q �d w Y lo kd (�q d o q d r d ms��
o d q d mmhY k�r t o o kx �b gY hm�vn q q hd r �st q a n b gY q f d c �a x �sgd �q d b d ms�c n vmst qm-�
Wd s�n sgd q �rghes r )�r t b g�Y r �sgn r d �Y r r n b hY s d c �vhsg�sgd �c d u d kn o hmf �vn q kc $r �
q hr hmf �vd Y ksg�Y mc �sgd �d ld q f d mb d �n e�b q d c ha kd �r t o o khd q r �eq n l�sgd r d �
lY q j d sr )�vhkk�gY u d �r t o o kx �b gY hm�hlo khb Y shn mr �en q �c d b Y c d r �sn �b n ld -�Sgd �
a n s sn l�khmd �en q �vn t kc , a d �Y q b ghsd b s r �n e�lY mt eY b s t q hmf �Y mc �r t o o kx �
b gY hm�r sq Y sd f hd r �hr �Y �f q d Y sd q �q hr j �n e�lY j hmf �j d x �c d b hr hn mr �sgY s�a d b n ld �
t md b n mn lhb �Y r �Y �q d r t ks�n e�en q b d r �a d x n mc �x n t q �b n msq n k-
?f Y hmr s�sghr �a Y b j c q n o )�Y �ed v�o hn md d q hmf �r t o o kx �b gY hm�n q f Y mhy Y shn mr �Y q d �
o q d o Y q hmf �sgd lrd ku d r �hm�svn �vY x r -�Ehq r s)�sgd x �Y q d �zr o khmsd q hmf fl�sgd hq �
s q Y c hs hn mY k�r t o o kx �b gY hmr �hmsn �rlY kkd q )�mhla kd q �n md r �a d s s d q �o q d o Y q d c �
sn �lY mY f d �ghf gd q �kd u d kr �n e�b n lo kd w hsx -�R d b n mc )�sgd x �Y q d �sq d Y shmf �sgd hq �
r t o o kx �b gY hmr �Y r �gd c f d r �Y f Y hmr s�t mb d q sY hmsx �a x �q d b n m“f t q hmf �sgd hq �lY mt ,�
Fd sshm f �sg d qd �ld _ m r �c hsb g hm f �sn c _ x &r �ln m n khsg hb �
ln c d k�hm �e_ u n q�n e�r o khm sd qd c �r t o o kx �b g _ hm r �sg _ s�
c hr l_ m skd �b n lo kd w hsx ’�_ m c �t r hm f �l_ m t e_ b st qhm f �
m d svn qi r �sn �g d c f d �t m b d qs_ hm sx -
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eY b st q hmf �en n so q hmsr �sn �vd Y sgd q �Y �q Y mf d �n e�o n sd mshY k�n t sb n ld r -�?�kn n j �Y s�
gn v�sgd �kd Y c d q r �Y q d �o q d o Y q hmf �sn c Y x �n !d q r �hmr hf gsr �en q �n sgd q �b n lo Y mhd r �
gn o hmf �sn �f d s�ln q d �eq n l�sgd hq �r t o o kx �b gY hmr �hm�sgd �x d Y q r �sn �b n ld -
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Sgd �r sY j d r �b n t kc m$s�a d �ghf gd q-�zHm�n t q �hmc t r sq x )fl�r Y x r �I hl�Nvd mr )��
sgd �en q ld q �b gY hq lY m�Y mc �BDN�n e�b n mr sq t b s hn m, d p t ho ld ms�lY j d q �
BY sd q o hkkY q )�z sgd �b n lo d shsn q �sgY s$r �a d r s�Y s�lY mY f hmf �sgd �r t o o kx ��
b gY hm�hr �o q n a Y a kx �f n hmf �a d �sgd �ln r s�r t b b d r r et k�b n lo d shsn q �n u d q �s hld -�
H s $r �Y �b n mc hshn m�n e�r t b b d r r -fl0 �Wd s�sgd �kd f Y b x �r t o o kx �b gY hmr �n e�lY mx �
f kn a Y k�b n lo Y mhd r �Y q d �hkk, o q d o Y q d c �en q �sgd �md v�d mu hq n mld ms$r �f q n vhmf �
t mb d q sY hmsx �Y mc �b n lo kd w hs x -
@�ln qd �t m b d qs_ hm �vn qkc Et kkx �5 7 �o d q b d ms�n e�f kn a Y k�d w d b t shu d r �q d r o n mc hmf �sn �Y �q d b d ms�Lb Jhmr d x �
r t q u d x �r Y hc �sgY s�r t o o kx �b gY hm�q hr j �vhkk�hmb q d Y r d �hm�sgd �b n lhmf �“u d �
x d Y q r -1 �?mc �mn �vn mc d q 9�sgd �“mY mb hY k�b q hr hr �n e�1 ..7 �c q Y lY shb Y kkx �Y lo kh,
e hd c �o d q d mmhY k�r n t q b d r �n e�r t o o kx �b gY hm�t mb d q s Y hms x ”mn sY a kx �sgd �
sq Y id b sn q x �n e�sq Y c d �Y mc �b Y o hsY k�fin vr )�Y r �vd kk�Y r �b t q q d mb x �u Y kt d r”d u d m��
Y r �sgd �b q hr hr �r o Y q j d c �a q n Y c d q �vn q q hd r �Y a n t s�sgd �r sY a hkhs x �n e�sgd �“mY m,�
b hY k�r x r sd l�Y mc �sgd �c d o sg�Y mc �c t q Y shn m�n e�sgd �q d r t kshmf �q d b d r r hn m-�Vghkd ��
lY mx �n e�sgd r d �r n t q b d r �n e�t mb d q sY hmsx �o d q r hr s )�hs$r �hlo n q sY ms�sn �q d b n f ,�
mhy d �sgY s�md v)�kn mf ,sd ql�rghesr �hm�sgd �f kn a Y k�d b n mn lx �vhkk�b n mshmt d �sn �
o q d r r t q d �r t o o kx �b gY hmr �kn mf �Y esd q �ln q d �q n a t r s�f q n vsg�q d st qmr -
Sgd �hmb q d Y r hmf �hlo n q sY mb d �n e�d ld q f hmf �lY q j d s r �s n o r �sgd �khr s�n e�sgd r d ��
t mb d q sY hmshd r -�Db n mn lhb �f q n vsg�sgd q d �vhkk�a n n r s�f kn a Y k�d md q f x �b n m,�
r t lo shn m�hm�sgd �b n lhmf �c d b Y c d �a x �Y a n t s�n md , sghq c -�Ld Y mvghkd )�sgd �
u n q Y b hn t r �Y o o d shsd �n e�BghmY �Y mc �n sgd q �c d u d kn o hmf �b n t msq hd r �en q �r t b g�
q d r n t q b d r �Y r �hq n m�n q d �Y mc �Y f q hb t kst q Y k�b n lln c hshd r �hr �a n n r shmf �f kn a Y k�
o q hb d r �Y mc �lY j hmf �hs�sq hb j hd q �sn �b n m“f t q d �r t o o kx �b gY hm�Y r r d sr -�Vn q ,�
q hd r �Y a n t s�sgd �d mu hq n mld ms�Y q d �f q n vhmf )�sn n )�Y kn mf �vhsg�t mb d q s Y hmsx �
n u d q �sgd �r b n o d �Y mc �c hq d b shn m�n e�d mu hq n mld msY k�q d f t kY shn m-
Sgd r d �kn mf ,sd ql�sq d mc r �gY u d �j mn b j , n m�d !d b sr �sgY s�q d hmen q b d �r shkk�n sgd q �
r n t q b d r �n e�t mb d q sY hmsx -�Fq n vsg�hm�c d u d kn o hmf �b n t msq hd r �b n msq ha t sd r ��
sn �u n kY shkhs x �hm�f kn a Y k�b t q q d mb x �lY q j d sr �Y mc �sn �o q n sd b shn mhr s�r d mshld ms�
hm�sgd �c d u d kn o d c �vn q kc )�en q �d w Y lo kd -�VgY s$r �ln q d )�c h!d q d ms�f q n vsg�
q Y sd r �Y b q n r r �u Y q hn t r �d ld q f hmf �lY q j d sr �ld Y m�sgY s�q hr hmf �kY a n q �b n r sr �b Y m�
0 ��I hl�Nvd mr �lY c d �sghr �q d lY q j �hm�Y m�hmsd q u hd v�b n mc t b sd c �a x �GY mr ,Vd q md q �JY Y r �n m� R d o sd la d q �1 .)�1 .0.-�En q �ln q d �vhsg�I hl�Nvd mr )�r d d �zLb Jhmr d x �b n mu d q r Y s hn mr �vhsg�f kn a Y k� kd Y c d q r 9�I hl�Nvd mr �n e�BY sd q o hkkY q )fl�lb j hmr d x p t Y q sd q kx -b n l)�Mn u d la d q �1 .0.-
1 ��En q �ln q d )�r d d �zSgd �b gY kkd mf d r �Y gd Y c �en q �r t o o kx �b gY hmr9�Lb Jhmr d x �Fkn a Y k�R t q u d x �q d r t ks r )fl� lb j hmr d x p t Y q sd q kx -b n l)�Mn u d la d q �1 .0.-
At hkc hmf �sgd �r t o o kx �b gY hm�n e�sgd �et st q d �
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p t hb j kx �b gY mf d �sgd �q d kY shu d �Y ssq Y b shu d md r r �n e�lY mt eY b st q hmf �kn b Y shn mr -�
Sghr �o Y r s�r t lld q�hm�BghmY )�en q �d w Y lo kd )�kY a n q �c hr o t sd r”Y mc �Y �r o Y sd ��
n e�vn q j d q �r t hb hc d r”b n msq ha t sd c �sn �n u d qmhf gs�vY f d �hmb q d Y r d r �n e�1 .�o d q ,�
b d ms�n q �ln q d �hm�r n ld �Bghmd r d �b hs hd r -�AY mf kY c d rg)�BY la n c hY )�Y mc �
Uhd smY l�d w o d q hd mb d c �r hlhkY q �vY f d ,q d kY s d c �r sq hj d r �
Y mc �vY kj n t sr -2 �EhmY kkx )�Y r �b n lo Y mhd r �hm�c d u d kn o ,
hmf �lY q j d sr �hmb q d Y r hmf kx �a d b n ld �b q d c ha kd �r t o o khd q r )�
c d b hc hmf �vghb g�kn v,b n r s�lY q j d s�sn �r n t q b d �eq n l�
a d b n ld r �ln q d �c héb t ks-
Phr hm f �b n lo kd w hsx LY mt eY b st q hmf �Y mc �r t o o kx �b gY hm�o kY mmd q r �lt r s�Y kr n �
c d Y k�vhsg�q hr hmf �b n lo kd w hs x -�En q �lY mx �b n lo Y mhd r )�
sghr �md d c �ld Y mr �vn q j hmf �gY q c d q �s n �ld d s�sgd hq �b t r ,�
sn ld q r $�hmb q d Y r hmf kx �c hu d q r d �q d p t hq d ld msr -�Ln a hkd ,
o gn md �lY j d q r )�en q �d w Y lo kd )�hmsq n c t b d c �8 ..�ln q d �
u Y q hd s hd r �n e�gY mc r d s r �hm�1 ..8 �sgY m�sgd x �c hc �hm�1 ...-�Oq n khed q Y s hn m��
Y kr n �Y !d b sr �lY st q d �o q n c t b s�b Y sd f n q hd r 9�sgd �mt la d q �n e�u Y q hY msr �hm�a Y j d c ��
f n n c r )�a d u d q Y f d r )�b d q d Y k)�Y mc �b n med b s hn md q x )�en q �hmr s Y mb d )�Y kk�q n r d ��
ln q d �sgY m�1 4 �o d q b d ms�Y �x d Y q �a d svd d m�1 ..3 �Y mc �1 ..5 )�Y mc �sgd �mt la d q �
n e�R JTr 3 �Y s�r n ld �kY q f d �Mn q sg�?ld q hb Y m�f q n b d q r �d w b d d c d c �0..)...�
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Ld Y mvghkd )�f kn a Y khy Y shn m�a q hmf r �b n lo kd w hshd r �Y r �q hr hmf �hmb n ld r �hm�c d u d k,�
n o hmf �b n t msq hd r �lY j d �sgd l�d w sq d ld kx �c d r hq Y a kd �Y r �lY q j d sr )�mn s�it r s�
lY mt eY b st q hmf �gt a r -�Déb hd ms�c hr sq ha t shn m�hm�d ld q f hmf �lY qj d sr �q d p t hq d r ��
b q d Y shu hs x )�r hmb d �q d sY hk�en qlY sr �s x o hb Y kkx �q Y mf d �eq n l�ln c d qm�gx o d q ,�
lY qj d sr �sn �r t a r b Y kd �ln l,Y mc ,o n o �r sn q d r -�Hm�AqY y hk)�en q �d w Y lo kd )�Md r sk— ��
hr �d w o d q hld mshmf �vhsg�sgd �t r d �n e�r t o d qlY q j d s�a Y q f d r �sn �r d kk�c hq d b skx ��
sn �kn v,hmb n ld �b t r sn ld q r �Y kn mf �svn �sq ha t sY q hd r �n e�sgd �?lY y n m�Qhu d q-4
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Hm�r t b g�Y �vn q kc )�sgd �hc d Y �sgY s�b n lo Y mhd r �b Y m�n o shlhy d �sgd hq �r t o o kx �
b gY hmr �n mb d ”Y mc �en q �Y kk�b hq b t lrsY mb d r �Y mc �b t r sn ld q r”hr �Y �eY msY r x -�Qd b ,�
n f mhy hmf �sghr )�Y �ed v�en q vY q c , kn n j hmf �b n lo Y mhd r �Y q d �o q d o Y q hmf �hm��
svn �vY x r -�Ehq r s)�sgd x �Y q d �r o khmsd q hmf �sgd hq �sq Y c hshn mY k�ln mn khsghb �r t o o kx �
b gY hmr �hmsn �rlY kkd q �Y mc �ln q d �fid w ha kd �n md r -�Vghkd �sgd r d �md v�r t o o kx �
b gY hmr �lY x �q d kx �n m�sgd �r Y ld �Y r r d s r �Y mc �md svn q j �q d r n t q b d r �Y r �sgd �n kc )�
2 ��Shl�I n gmr sn m)�zR sq hj hmf �BY la n c hY m�vn q j d q r �q d fid b s�?r hY �sq d mc )fl�BgmTmb gTi�Nglc r )� R d o s d la d q �0 2 )�1 .0.-
3 ��R s n b j , j d d o hmf �t mhsr - 4 ��Sn l�Lt hkd q �Y mc �H t q h�CY msY r )�zMd r sk— �sn �r Y hk�?lY y n m�Qhu d q r �sn �q d Y b g�d ld q f hmf ,lY q j d s� b n mr t ld q r )fl� in n lac o e �Fc sr )�I t md �0 6 )�1 .0.-
8mnsgdp�tmbdpsYhmsx Opn sd b shn m hr l�b n t kc�b g P m f d �sg d � d b n m n lhb r �n e�P �r t ookx �b g P hm �P s�sg d � r sp n i d �n e�P �od m -�2t p �p d r d P p b g � r t f f d r sr �en p�d w P lokd �sg P s�sg d �sn sP k� kP m cd c�b n r s�n e�lP i hm f �P r r d lakd c� ld b g P m hb P k�op n ct b sr �r t b g �P r �vP r g , � hm f �lP b g hm d r �hm �P �f hu d m �kn v, b n r s� b n t m spx �b n t kc�okP t r hakx �r vhm f �t o�sn � 0 . �od pb d m s�f hu d m �cheed pd m s�sP phee� r b d m P phn r -
3At hkc hmf �sgd �r t o o kx �b gY hm�n e�sgd �et st q d �
sgd x �t r d �hmen qlY shn m�u d q x �c h!d q d mskx ”gd ko hmf �b n lo Y mhd r �sn �d la q Y b d �
b n lo kd w hs x �vghkd �a d ssd q �r d q u hmf �b t r sn ld q r -
R d b n mc )�kd Y c hmf �b n lo Y mhd r �s q d Y s�sgd hq �r t o o kx �b gY hmr �Y r �c x mY lhb �
gd c f d r �Y f Y hmr s�t mb d q sY hmsx �a x �Y b shu d kx �Y mc �q d f t kY q kx �d w Y lhmhmf ”d u d m�
q d b n m“f t q hmf ”sgd hq �a q n Y c d q �r t o o kx �md svn q j r �vhsg�Y m�d x d �sn vY q c �
d b n mn lhb �b n mc hshn mr �“u d �n q �sd m�x d Y q r �Y gd Y c -�Hm�c n hmf �r n )�sgd r d �b n lo Y ,�
mhd r �Y q d �a t hkc hmf �c hu d q r d �Y mc �ln qd �q d r hkhd ms�o n q sen khn r �n e�r t o o kx �b gY hm�
Y r r d s r �sgY s�vhkk�a d �a d s s d q �r t hs d c �s n �sgq hu d �hm�Y �ln q d �t mb d q s Y hm�vn q kc -
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R o khmsd q hmf �ln mn khsghb �r t o o kx �b gY hmr �hmsn �rlY kkd q)�mhla kd q �n md r �b Y m�
gd ko �s Y ld �b n lo kd w hs x )�r Y u d �ln md x )�Y mc �r d q u d �b t r s n ld q r �a d s s d q -�Kd s $r �
kn n j �Y s�Y m�d w Y lo kd -
Ro khm sd qhm f �r t o o kx �b g _ hm r 2�@�b _ r d �r st c x ?�TR ,a Y r d c �b n mr t ld q �c t q Y a kd r �lY mt eY b st q d q �vY r �kn r hmf �f q n t mc �sn �
b n lo d shsn q r �a d b Y t r d �n e�o q n a kd lr �vhsg�hs r �kd f Y b x �r t o o kx �b gY hm-�Wd Y q r �
a d en q d )�sgd �b n lo Y mx ”khj d �lY mx �f kn a Y k�lY mt eY b s t q d q r”gY c �r d ms�
sgd �khn m$r �rgY q d �n e�hs r �o q n c t b s hn m�sn �BghmY �vghkd �lY hmsY hmhmf �Y �lt b g�
rlY kkd q �o q d r d mb d �hm�Mn q sg�?ld q hb Y �sn �r sY x �b kn r d �sn �sgd �lY in q hsx �n e�hsr �
b t r sn ld q r -�Nmd �kd f Y b x �n e�sgd �ln u d 9�Y kk�n e�hsr �o kY msr )�q d kx hmf �n m�Y �t mh“d c �
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