study guide

Lwilliams90

Carroll_6e_PPT_Ch101.pptx

Home >Psychology homework help >study guide

Chapter 10

Sexual Expression

Sexuality Now – Embracing Diversity 6e

Chapter Outline

Influences on Sexuality

Studying Sexual Response

Solitary Sexual Behavior

Partnered Sexual Behavior

Sexual Behavior Later in Life

Safer Sex Behaviors

Influences on Sexuality

Hormones and neurotransmitters

Both sexes produce estrogen and testosterone, although in different amounts that decrease with age

Neurotransmitters oxytocin, serotonin, dopamine, and vasopressin affect desire, arousal, and orgasm

Family background

We internalize norms about sexual attitudes and behaviors from family of origin

Lifetime Sexual Behavior in the United States

Figure 10.1 Sexual behavior among men and women aged 18-44 in the United States—2011–2013.

Source: Copen et al., 2016.

Influences on Sexuality—Ethnicity

Ethnicity can affect our sexual behaviors, frequency, attitudes, and communications

Race is one of the most influential variables affecting sexual attitudes and behaviors

Racial and ethnic identities are closely tied to religion

The Role of Ethnicity

Figure 10.2 Number of other-sex partners in lifetime for female (a) and males (b) 15 to 44 years in the United States by ethnicity/race, 2006–2008.

Figure 10.2 Number of other-sex partners in lifetime for females (a) and males (b) 15 to 44 years old in the United States by ethnicity/race, 2006–2008. Source: Chandra et al., 2011.

Influences on Sexuality—Religion

In general, the more religious people are:

The more conservative their sexual attitudes and behavior

The less they have premarital intercourse

The less they engage in risky sexual behavior

The less they approve of oral sex

The more guilt they experience about sexual behavior

The Influence of Religiosity on Sexuality

In early 2011, Brandon Davies, a Brigham Young University starting basketball player, was suspended from the team for engaging in consensual sex with his girlfriend. The school’s honor code prohibits premarital sex.

Source: Craig Bennett/Icon SMI/Corbis

Studying Sexual Response

Masters and Johnson’s four-phase sexual response cycle

Physiological changes that occur during sexual behavior in men and women, regardless of sexual orientation

Four phases:

Excitement

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution

Variations Within Male and Female Response Cycles

Figure 10.3 Variations within male and female response cycles. Source: From W. Masters, V. Johnson, and R. Kolodny, Heterosexuality, pp. 51–52. Copyright © 1994 by William H. Masters, Virginia E. Johnson, and Robert C. Kolodny. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.

Helen Singer Kaplan’s Triphasic Model (1 of 2)

Sexual response starts with psychological component

Three phases:

Desire: the psychological phase

Excitement: the first physiological phase

Orgasm: the second physiological phase

Helen Singer Kaplan’s Triphasic Model (2 of 2)

Figure 10.7 Helen Singer Kaplan’s three-stage model of sexual response includes the psychological phase of sexual desire and two physiological stages of excitement and orgasm.

David Reed’s Erotic Stimulus Pathway (1 of 2)

Four phases:

Seduction (a psychosocial phase)

Sensation (a psychosocial phase)

Surrender (orgasm)

Reflection (reflect on the experience)

David Reed’s Erotic Stimulus Pathway (2 of 2)

Figure 10.8 David Reed’s Erotic Stimulus Pathway (ESP) model blends features of Masters and Johnson’ s and Kaplan’ s models using four phases: seduction, sensation, surrender, and reflection.

The Kinsey Institute’s Dual Control Model of Sexual Response

Sexual response as a neurobiological two-part process involving sexual excitation and inhibition

Excitation triggered by thoughts, feelings, and sensations

Inhibition is characterized by two aspects

Performance anxieties

Fears about negative consequences

Future Directions in Sexual Response Models (1 of 2)

Leonore Tiefer

Many important aspects of sexuality: pleasure, emotionality, sensuality, cultural differences, power issues, and communication

Women’s experiences do not neatly coincide with Masters and Johnson’ s medical model

Rosemary Basson

Women’s sexual motivations are more complex than men’s; driven by desire for intimacy

Nonsexual and sexual distractions interfere with women’s arousal

Future Directions in Sexual Response Models (2 of 2)

Figure 10.9 Basson believes that many women do not feel spontaneous sexual desire. Instead, a desire for intimacy may lead a woman to seek out, and be receptive to, sexual stimuli, which may then lead to sexual arousal.

Source: Basson, 2001.

Solitary Sexual Behavior—Sexual Fantasy (1 of 2)

Sexual fantasies are normal and healthy

They may be a driving force in human sexuality

Men tend to have sexual fantasies and cognitions more often than women

Similar fantasies occur regardless of sexual orientation, with the exception of the gender of the fantasized partner

Most people have a select few fantasies

Solitary Sexual Behavior—Sexual Fantasy (2 of 2)

Women’s sexual fantasies

Sexual fantasy is used to increase arousal, self-esteem, and sexual interest

More emotional than men’s fantasies

Age is unrelated to types of sexual fantasies

Men’s sexual fantasies

Tend to be more frequent, impersonal, and visual

More active and aggressive than women’s fantasies

The Role of Sexual Fantasies

Sexual fantasies play a role in many people’s lives, and may or may not be shared with a partner.

Source: Benis Arapovic/Alamy

Masturbation (1 of 3)

In the past, masturbation was feared as a cause of mental and physical problems

Now seen as way to promote healthy sexuality

Can decrease sexual tension and anxiety

Can be an outlet for sexual fantasy

Allows a person to experiment with own body

Can be used by couples during intercourse (mutual masturbation)

Is unrelated to health or relationship status

Masturbation (2 of 3)

Across age and gender

Masturbation is main sexual outlet in adolescence

Most learn from peers and media

Common throughout lifespan for men and women

Men: highest frequency ages 25 to 39; more than 2x per week up to age 50 then decreases

Women: highest frequency ages 25 to 29; decreases with age

Women may be less comfortable with masturbation

Masturbation (3 of 3)

Across culture

Cultural religious taboos can lead to increased guilt

Asian American women masturbate significantly less than non-Asian women

Practices

May complement an active sex life

May compensate for a lack of partnered sex or satisfaction with sex

Can incorporate vibrators or dildos

Partnered Sexual Behavior—Foreplay and Manual Sex

Foreplay

Typically defined as everything that happens before penetration

For many, caressing, fondling, and snuggling are foreplay

Manual sex— “hand jobs”

Women differ in clitoral touching preferences

Many men like strong, consistent strokes of the penis; some light strokes of the scrotum; do not restrict the urethra

Variations in Foreplay

Caressing and snuggling are common during foreplay.

Source: Pinnacle Pictures/Exactostock

Sexual Behaviors	Age Groups: 14-15 Men	Age Groups: 14-15 Women	Age Groups: 16-17 Men	Age Groups: 16-17 Women	Age Groups: 18-19 Men	Age Groups: 18-19 Women	Age Groups: 20-24 Men	Age Groups: 20-24 Women
Masturbated Alone	62%	40%	75%	45%	81%	60%	83%	64%
Masturbated with Partner	5%	8%	16%	19%	42%	36%	44%	36%
Received Oral Sex from Women	12%	1%	31%	5%	54%	4%	63%	9%
Received Oral Sex from Men	1%	10%	3%	24%	6%	58%	6%	70%
Gave Oral Sex to Women	8%	2%	18%	7%	51%	2%	55%	9%
Gave Oral Sex to Men	1%	12%	2%	22%	4%	59%	7%	74%
Vaginal Intercourse	9%	11%	30%	30%	53%	62%	63%	80%
Received Penis In Anus	1%	4%	1%	5%	4%	18%	5%	23%
Inserted Penis Into Anus	3%		6%		6%		11%

Distribution of Sexual Behaviors—Ages 14–24

Partnered Sexual Behavior—Oral Sex (1 of 2)

Cunnilingus—oral sex on a woman

Fellatio—oral sex on a man

Majority of Americans have oral sex

Many engage in oral sex before first intercourse

Oral sex is often used as part of foreplay or instead of other sexual behaviors

“69”—mutual oral sex

Partnered Sexual Behavior—Oral Sex (2 of 2)

Anilingus (rimming) —oral stimulation of the anus

Hygiene practices are important to reduce possible spread of infections

Most would rather receive than give oral sex

Cold sores can transmit herpes in oral sex

Air embolisms may form and be fatal if air is blown into a pregnant woman’s vagina

Partnered Sexual Behavior—Vaginal Intercourse

Vaginal intercourse is most common sexual behavior

Pornography reinforces idea that women like fast and rough thrusting

Heterosexual intercourse typically lasts from 3 to 13 minutes

Most people do not make eye contact in intimate situations

Frequency of Vaginal Intercourse

Figure 10.13 Frequency of vaginal intercourse by age for partnered and married men. U.S., 2010.

Partnered Sexual Behavior—Vaginal Intercourse

Four main positions

Male-on-top

Female-on-top

Side-by-side

Rear-entry

Partnered Sexual Behavior—Anal Intercourse

Men and women of all sexual orientations

36% of women and 42% of men have engaged in anal intercourse

May lead to orgasm, especially with simultaneous clitoral or penile stimulation

Fragile tissue does not self-lubricate, anal sphincter must be relaxed; lubrication required

One of the riskiest sexual behaviors for STIs

Same-Sex Sexual Behaviors (1 of 2)

Gay men use many sexual techniques

Most common is fellatio, followed by mutual masturbation, anal sex, and body rubbing

Also enjoy hugging, kissing, and caressing

Fisting/hand-balling—the insertion of the fist and sometimes part of the forearm

Interfemoral intercourse—thrust penis between the partner’s thighs

Buttockry—penile rubbing in the buttocks

Same-Sex Sexual Behaviors (2 of 2)

Lesbians enjoy many sexual behaviors: kissing, body contact, caressing

Manual stimulation is the most common practice for lesbians, followed by cunnilingus

Tribadism—women rub their genitals together

May also use fisting, dildos, vibrators

Lesbian erotic role identification— “butch” and “femme”; biological and social explanations

Sexual Behavior Later in Life

Sexual activity declines with age but many older people remain interested in sexuality and engaged in sexual behaviors

Sexual activity in older adults improves both physical and emotional health

Changes in sexual functioning are exacerbated by sexual inactivity

Sexual Activity in Adults 50–80 Years Old

Figure 10.21 Percentage of men and women 50–80 years old reporting engaging in vaginal intercourse within the past year.

Source: National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, 2010.

Sexual Behavaior Later in Life

Changes in sexual behavior

Women: decreases in sexual desire and pain during intercourse

Men: problems with erectile functioning

Masturbation fulfills various needs

Physical problems can interfere with sexual functioning: arthritis, diabetes, and osteoporosis

Physical fitness, good nutrition, adequate rest sleep, less alcohol intake, and positive self-esteem can enhance sexuality throughout lifespan

Safer Sex Behaviors

Some sexual behaviors are safer to engage in because they protect against the risk of acquiring a STI

Only abstinence, solo masturbation, and fantasy are protective 100% of the time

Some safer practices: decrease number of partners, know backgrounds of partners, have protected sex, use barrier contraception, and limit alcohol intake

study guide

image1.png

image2.png

image3.png

image4.jpeg

image5.png

image6.png

image7.png

image8.png

image9.png

image10.png

image11.png

image12.png

image13.jpeg