Care Map
Concept Map NSG315
50 year old, female, English-Speaking; Admitted on date for dysuria secondary to vaginal yeast infection and SOB; Full code, Allergies: Cymbalta & Penicillin
Doctor’s Orders:
-Order for diabetes education classes post discharge
-Patient to have vitals taken Q30 minutes after cardiac cath procedure for the first 2 hours then every hour after that
-Release compression pump around right wrist 1 hour after procedure 2 ccs of air at a time every 30 minutes
-Patient on normal diet post procedure
Vaginal yeast infection is most commonly caused by Candida albicans. Main symptoms of this are burning, itching and dysuria. Typical Treatment is oral medication and also a topical cream to help with side effects (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2017, pg. 451-452).
Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that is progressive and combines insulin resistance with decreased beta-cell secretion of insulin. This insulin resistance develops due to lack of physical activity as well as obesity to a genetically susceptible person. This is usually accompanied by hyperlipidemia, hypertension and clot formation. Symptoms include fatigue, polyuria and polydipsia. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2017, pg. 1306). Treatment includes antidiabetic drugs, exercise and dietary modification (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2017, pg. 1310).
| Lab: | Normal Range | Results | Why: |
| WBC | 4.4 – 11.0 | 15.7 | Patient’s WBC is elevated due to the diagnosis of the yeast infection. The white blood cell count will be elevated in the presence of an infection due to the body trying to fight it off. This was ordered to see if an infection is still present. |
| Hb | 12.0 – 15.5 | 11.5 | Hemoglobin is low due to the patient’s diabetes. The patient’s diabetes is not controlled which can damage the kidneys and cause the patient to be anemic due to lack of red blood cells. Patient also is also more susceptible to inflamed blood vessels due to the diabetes which can cause the signal from the kidneys to the bone marrow to not get through (“Diabetes and Anemia”). Patient is also given heparin which will cause anemia (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017, pg. 630). This was ordered to monitor the patient’s Hb due to diabetes and also patient has diastolic CHF. |
| Hct | 34.9 – 44.5 | 35.6 | Patient’s hematocrit levels are normal. |
| Hb A1C | < 5.7 | 8.9 | Patient’s hemoglobin A1C level is extremely high and is a good indicator of diabetes control. Patient is on metformin but does not take insulin at home. This was ordered to detect current control of the diabetes |
| Platelet | 150 - 450 | 300 | Patient’s platelet level is within normal range. This was ordered to detect the patient’s ability to clot. |
| Test: | Results: |
| Chest X-Ray (date) | No evidence of acute cardiopulmonary disease |
| CT angiogram (date) | Showed a fatty liver; no signs of a pulmonary embolism |
| Exercise Nuclear Stress Test date) | Mid to distal anterior wall mild ischemia in mid to distal LAD (left anterior descending) artery territory |
| Echocardiogram ejection fraction (date) | 55-60% |
| Cardiac catheterization date) | No evidence of CAD ; stent was not placed. |
Pertinent medical history:
Diastolic congestive heart failure,
Type 2 Diabetes
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Hypertension
Chest Pain
| Body System: | Data: |
| HEENT | Obj: PERRLA Obj: Normal hearing, normocephalic |
| Neurologic/Sensory/Mental Status | Obj: Vital signs (0800) – 0/10 Obj: Vital signs (1200) – 3/10 in chest area, tightness Obj: A&O x4 |
| Integument | Obj: IV access left antecubital, 20g inserted 6/11/17 Obj: Puncture wound right radial artery Obj: vital signs (0800) – Temp 97.4 Obj: vital signs (1200) – Temp 97.7 Sub: “You have to check my feet because of my diabetes, right?” |
| Cardiovascular | Obj: Heart sounds present, Pulses +2, capillary refill <3 sec Obj: vital signs (0800) – BP 156/80, HR 66 Obj: vital signs (1200) – BP 153/90, HR 67, |
| Respiratory | Obj: vital signs (0800) – RR 18 and O2 97% on room air Obj: vital signs (1200) – RR 18 and 02 99% on room air Obj: breath sounds normal Sub: “When I take deep breaths, I feel tightness and I start to cough” |
| GI | Obj: patient NPO this morning before cardiac catheterization Obj: patient on regular diet after procedure Obj: Bowel sounds present Sub: “Coffee with sugar will make my blood sugar go up?” …Can I finish this cup?” Obj: vital signs (0800) BG 287 Obj: vital signs (1200) BG 235 |
| GU | Sub: “I can get up myself to use the bathroom” Obj: urine yellow in color and clear |
| Musculoskeletal | Obj: Steady/balances gait Obj: ambulate without difficulty Sub: “I am a little stiff from laying down...probably my RA” Obj: full ROM except in right arm due to post procedure protocol |
| Reproductive | Obj: patient has had 3 children |
| Social | Obj: husband and daughters in the room |
| Psychological | Obj: patient calm, and cooperative |
| Spirituality/Social/Emotional |
| Gordons’ Patterns: | Data: |
| Health Perception/Health Management | “I do not know how to inject myself with insulin” Diabetes, HTN, diastolic CHF, Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Coping/Stress Tolerance | “Can I stay here in the hospital while I start taking the new medication for my diabetes? Till I get used to it and to make sure nothing happens” |
| Nutritional-Metabolic | -” Coffee with sugar will make my blood sugar go up?” …Can I finish this cup?” “I’ll try to drink more water” Patient ate all of breakfast, including French toast and fruit “You have to check my feet because of my diabetes, right?” IV access in left antecubital Post Cardiac Catheterization, has small puncture to right radial artery Uncontrolled diabetes, Hb A1C 8.9 BG: 8am 287 and 12pm 235 |
| Elimination | “I can get up myself to use the bathroom” Admitting diagnosis: dysuria related to genital candidiasis |
| Activity-Exercise | “I don’t really exercise” “I can get up myself to use the bathroom” “I am a little stiff from laying down...probably my RA” BP 153/80, HR 67, RR 18, Temp 97.7, and SpO2 97 Easily palpated pulses, clear lung sounds, normal heart sounds “When I take deep breaths, I feel tightness and I start to cough” Mild ischemia in the mid to distal LAD territory of the heart Difficulty taking deep breaths Cough when taking a deep breath |
| Role-Relationship | Husband and daughters present in room |
| Sleep-Rest | “I slept pretty well last night” |
| Medications: | Class: | Dose: | Route: | Side effects: | Rationale: |
| Aspirin | NSAID | 81mg | PO | Dyspepsia, nausea & epigastric distress (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Patient came in with chest tightness with SOB. Prophylaxis of TIA and MI. |
| Folic acid | Antianemic | 1mg | PO | Fever, irritability & confusion (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Prevention and treatment of several types of anemias |
| Hydroxychloroquine | Antirheumatic | 400mg | PO | Fatigue, headache & mood changes (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. |
| Metformin ER | Antidiabetic | 1000mg | PO | Abdominal bloating, diarrhea & N/V (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Management of Type 2 Diabetes |
| Methylprednisolone | Corticosteroid | 40mg | IV | Hypertension, nausea & adrenal suppression (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Metoprolol XL | Antihypertensive | 100mg | PO | Fatigue, weakness & erectile dysfunction (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Management of hypertension and prevention of MI |
| Insulin Lispro | Antidiabetic | 1-50 units | SubQ | Hypoglycemia, headache & nausea (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Control of hyperglycemia in patients with T1D and T2D. |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant | 5,000 units | SubQ | Anemia, bleeding & fever (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) | Prophylaxis and treatment of various thromboembolic disorders (Vallerand, Sanoski & Deglin, 2017) |
Assist the patient in identifying and avoiding triggers of SOB. EBP rationale: Irritants in the patient’s environment may decrease ability to take deep breaths (Ackley, Ladwig & Makic, 2017, pg. 406).
Teach patient how to do pursed-lip breathing to help train the muscle. EBP rationale: studies have shown that this technique is effective in decreasing breathlessness and improving respiratory function (Ackley, Ladwig & Makic, 2017, pg. 406).
Teach patient relaxation techniques to help reduce anxiety associated with shortness of breat. EBP rationale: relaxation therapy can help reduce dyspnea (Ackley, Ladwig & Makic, 2017, pg. 407).
Evaluation: Patient will demonstrate pursed-lip breathing to assist in taking deep breaths and will verbalize decreased discomfort in chest
Nursing Diagnosis #3: Knowledge deficient RT uncontrolled diabetes as evidence by not knowing how to inject insulin, not exercising and not know how coffee effects blood sugar (Doenges & Moorhouse, 2013).
SMART Goal: Patient will demonstrate self insulin management and control of blood glucose levels and have an improved Hb A1C before her next follow up with doctor
Nursing Diagnosis #2: Risk for situational low self-esteem RT physical illness as evidence by not having confidence in new medication, not being able to inject insulin and not knowing about diet control
Nursing Diagnosis #1: Impaired Gas Exchange RT abnormal breathing pattern as evidence by SOB and not being able to take deep breaths without feeling tightness (Doenges & Moorhouse, 2013).
Assess the patient’s previous experiences with new medications and how she coped with that. EBP rationale: accessing illness self-concept may assist in development of a treatment plan
Assist the patient in setting short-term goals and writing in a journal to keep track of achievements. Encourage family members to acknowledge strengths and achievement to help validate patients strengths.
Educate patient on smart diet choices in relation to blood glucose control. EBP rationale: teaching the patient about carbohydrate intake will help control the diabetes (Ackley, Ladwig & Makic, 2017, pg. 417).
Assist patient is picking meal options off menu in hospital. EBP rationale: weight loss in patients with diabetes will decrease the risk of diabetic complications (Ackley, Ladwig & Makic, 2017, pg. 417).
Educate patient on why insulin is important for the body and how to inject it. EBP rationale: studies have shown that frequent and regular education sessions will improve self-care management in patients that have chronic conditions (Ackley, Ladwig & Makic, 2017, pg. 557).
Evaluation: Patient’s journal will show that she has been keeping track of short-term goals and has met them and has set new ones as previous ones have been met
Evaluation: Has the patient consistently given herself insulin, and has patient decreased her HbA1C levels
SMART Goal: Patient will verbalize having a decreased tightness in chest and less SOB when taking deep breaths before her follow up appointment
SMART Goal: Patient will be able to identify strengths and healthy coping skill before follow up appointment with doctor
Explain how the data clusters helped you to determine the Gordon’s Functional and Dysfunctional Patterns.
The data clusters helped split everything into categories and organize the data. When splitting them into Gordon’s patterns, 5 patterns contained data that was considered dysfunctional; Health Perception/Health management, Coping/Stress Tolerance, Nutritional-Metabolic, Activity-Exercise and Elimination
2. Using Gordon’s as a guide, which nursing diagnoses are identified for this client? (Separate each Gordon’s pattern into a paragraph).
Health Perception/Health Management:
Knowledge deficient RT uncontrolled diabetes as evidence by not knowing how to inject insulin, not exercising and not know how coffee effects blood sugar
Ineffective Health maintenance RT complexity of therapeutic regimen as evidence by multiple complex chronic diseases
Coping/Stress Tolerance:
Risk for Hopelessness RT new medication as evidence by wanting to stay in hospital to start new drug
Risk for situational low self-esteem RT physical illness as evidence by not having confidence in new medication, not being able to inject insulin and not knowing about diet control
Nutritional-Metabolic:
Risk for impaired skin integrity RT uncontrolled diabetes as evidence by patient having to check feet, Hb A1C 8.9 and elevated blood glucose levels
Impaired skin integrity RT cardiac procedure as evidence by post cardiac catheterization
Risk for bleeding RT s/p cardiac procedure as evidence by post cardiac catheterization access through right radial artery
Risk for Unstable Blood Glucose RT inadequate blood glucose monitoring as evidence by out of normal range BG, Hb A1C 8.9, and not proper diet choices
Elimination:
Impaired Urinary elimination RT yeast infection as evidence by dysuria, and elevated white blood cell count
Activity-Exercise:
Impaired Gas Exchange RT abnormal breathing pattern as evidence by SOB and not being able to take deep breaths
Risk for Decreased Cardiac output RT altered contractility as evidence by hypertension, heart failure and stress test results
List the identified nursing diagnoses in the:
Impaired Gas Exchange RT abnormal breathing pattern as evidence by SOB and not being able to take deep breaths
Risk for situational low self-esteem RT physical illness as evidence by not having confidence in new medication, not being able to inject insulin and not knowing about diet control
Knowledge deficient RT uncontrolled diabetes as evidence by not knowing how to inject insulin, not exercising and not know how coffee effects blood sugar
Which nursing diagnosis is most important to address with this client? Explain how this was determined.
Impaired Gas Exchange RT abnormal breathing pattern as evidence by SOB and not being able to take deep breaths. This was determined because if there is an impaired gas exchange, oxygen and other nutrients can not get to the whole body.
Which nursing diagnosis is second most important to address with this client? Explain how this was determined.
Knowledge deficient RT uncontrolled diabetes as evidence by not knowing how to inject insulin, not exercising and not know how coffee effects blood sugar. This was determined as the second most important because the patient has uncontrolled diabetes which can lead to a great number of other issues.
Which nursing diagnosis is least important to address with this client? Explain how this was determined.
Risk for situational low self-esteem RT physical illness as evidence by not having confidence in new medication, not being able to inject insulin and not knowing about diet control. This was chosen as the least important because this will resolve as the patient gets better control over her diabetes
References
Diabetes and Anemia. (n.d.). Retrieved date, from http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-and-anemia#1
Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Blair, M., Rebar, C., & Winkelman, C. (2017) Medical-Surgical Nursing: Patient
Centered Collaborative Care. (8th ed.). St. Louis, MI: Elsevier.
Vallerand, A. H., Sanoski, C. A., & Deglin, J. H. (2017). Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses (15th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., & Makic, M. B. (2017). Nursing diagnosis handbook: an evidence-based guide to planning care (11th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Doenges, M. E., & Moorhouse, M. F. (2013). Application of nursing process and nursing diagnosis: An interactive text for diagnostic reasoning (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.