power point about peripheral vascular disease

Peripheral Vascular Disease

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Peripheral Vascular Disease

Introduction

The current lifestyles and trends in the kind of foodstuffs that we eat is negatively affecting the health of the people. Similarly, the lifestyles that involve too much being idle with no exercise affects the peoples’ health. These has led to deterioration of the health standards of the people globally. There are a tremendous increase in the rate of health risk conditions that affect the people. One of such conditions that is gaining the spotlight is the peripheral vascular disease.The peripheral vascular disease is a condition that results from the blockage of arteries and veinscarrying blood out of the heart and the brain due to various reasons. This condition has adverse effects if not mitigated during the early stages.

Population affected by the Peripheral Vascular Disease

The peripheral vascular disease(PVD) is a condition that causes restricted blood flow to the arms, legs, or other body parts that usually occurs when arteries or veins get narrower, become blocked, or involuntary contract. This affects the arteries carrying blood away from the heart and brain. The peripheral vascular disease affects mostly the people above 50 years. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, CDC (2018), 12 in every 20 Americans suffer from this condition. The rate per 100 people is low for the ages of between 40-59 years. The condition becomes more prevalent in adults above 70-79 where the rate rises to around 10%. The condition is very prevalent in adults above 80 years where the male are more affected by the condition. The elderly people are therefore the most affected by peripheral vascular disease.

Occurrence of Peripheral Vascular Disease

The peripheral vascular disease occurs when fatty materials accumulate in the arteries carrying blood rich in oxygen from the heart. Thiruvoipati et al., (2015) assert that the materials accumulate in the arteries blocking them and with time, the arteries may be blocked and be very narrow, or weakened. This affects mostly the blood vessels carrying blood to the arm muscles and the legs. This results in a condition referred to as atherosclerosis which simply refers to the hardening of the arteries. According to the CDC (2018), approximately 12 to 20 percent of people over age 60 develop the peripheral vascular disease, which leads to an average of about 8.5 million people in the United States having the condition.The black race/ethnicity is more affected too.

Anatomical Structures Involved

The anatomical structures involves in peripheral vascular disease include the legs, feet, arms and the toes and muscles (Lo et al., 2014). The arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels are mostly affected and may be blocked reducing the circulation of blood to vital organs for their normal functioning. The blockage of these blood vessels results to the brain, the heart, and the legs receiving less blood for their normal functioning. The legs may have a reduced hair growth and cramps when lying on the bed. The feet may also develop wounds and ulcers that do not heal. On the other hand, the muscles may feel numb and heavy.

Medical Interventions Required

Medical intervention for peripheral vascular disease is aimed at preventing the progression of the disease/condition to other parts and also to reduce the pain and the symptoms so that one can remain active (Kulloand Rooke, (2016). The first line medical intervention therefore includes the modification of ones’ lifestyles. A regular exercise program is usually highly recommended by doctors so that one is able to burn the excess fats and materials that clog and block the blood vessels. A balanced diet and regular walking exercise can be helpful too. Observing of weight loss for the obese can also work.Change of lifestyle like doing exercise, regular meditation and yoga in an extensive manner to keep one healthy and physically.

The peripheral vascular disease can also be intervened through the use of medication. Gerhard-Herman et al., (2017) assert that medication involves the aggressive treatment of existing conditions that may aggravate pulmonary vascular disease like diabetes, hypertension, and elevated blood cholesterol. Similarly, medication for pulmonary vascular disease may involve the use of medication that aim to improve blood flow like cilostazol or pentoxifylline. Vascular surgery can be used to reroute the blood flow from the blocked part by either using a graft from another body part or artificially synthesized grafts.

The other means of combating peripheral vascular disease is through quitting for the smokers. Smoking leads to reduced blood flow in the blood vessels. This worsens the situation caused by peripheral vascular disease. Smoking may also increase the chances of getting a heart attack and even a stroke. Therefore, doctors advise the smokers to quit.

Precautions during Treatment/Recovery

During the treatment/recovery of peripheral vascular disease, the individual should avoid smoking (Aboyans et al., 2017). This is because smoking reduces blood flow in the blood vessels and may cause other complications like heart attack and stroke. The individual should also control high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes because they worsen the situation. The use of insulin resulting to insulin resistance should also be avoided as it can worsen peripheral vascular disease. Before vascular surgery, the individual should cease using any other medication prior to the procedure.

The lifestyles that are generally not recommended for example a lifestyle that results in one to gain weight should also be avoided. This is because such lifestyles promote accumulation of materials in the blood vessels which blocks and narrows the blood vessels increasing chances of heart attacks and stroke. When exercising and you feel have chest pain, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, or dizziness stop exercising immediately and call your doctor.

Time Frame for full recovery

The typical time frame for full recovery for individuals suffering from peripheral vascular disease may range depending on a few factors. The CDC (2018) notes that the age, being overweight or obese, lifestyle choices, medical and family history, the race/ethnicity and other medical conditions like hypertension all affect the recovery time frame of peripheral vascular disease. However, recovery should take betweenthree to sixmonths in case the individual undergoes vascular surgery. Hillegass, (2016) asserts that theindividual should first stay in the hospital for close monitoring and another five to seven days further receiving further treatment. However, the time frame for those under treatment and recovery from peripheral vascular disease may totally depend on the level of commitment the individual towards the strategy they use to achieve recovery. These strategies include quitting smoking, regular exercise, meditation among other strategies.

PT interventions

a). During the Acute Phase

During the acute phase, the physical therapy treatment to counter the condition includes the use of exercises(Hillegass, 2016). Walking for shorter distances can help to mitigate the peripheral vascular disease at the acute phase. Similarly, the individual should quit smoking to prevent the blocking of the blood vessels caused by smoking.

b). During the Functional Phase

During the functional phase, the individual should also seek treatment like vascular surgery to prevent blockage of the blood vessels. The individual should also avoid foods that may lead to clogging of the blood vessels like fatty foods. The individual should also explore healthy living lifestyles like regular exercise, meditation and yoga to bring out the tremendous effects of such lifestyles. Avoidance of smoking can also be very instrumental in the recovery during the functional phase.

During the functional phase, peripheral vascular disease can be mitigated by the use of other medications (Hillegass, 2016). This can help to eradicate the other diseases that come in when one is suffering from peripheral vascular disease like diabetes, stroke, obesity and hypertension. The individual should therefore use proper medication to get rid of this other diseases as they risk their lives more.

Daily Treatment Plan

The daily treatment plan for someone suffering from peripheral vascular disease includes the use of exercises. This can be achieved as follows:

· Some 20 minutes warm up.

· Cooling down.

· Walking at a slow pace for 5 minutes- to loosen up and allow heat rate to increase gradually.

· Slow down at the end of the 5 minute walk to return normal breathing rate.

· Conduct a 20 minute of walk at least once daily.

· Increase the walking gradually by 5 minutes until you attain 45 minutes of walking dialing.

· Continue the practice for 3-6 months.

References

Aboyans, V., Ricco, J. B., Bartelink, M. L. E., Björck, M., Brodmann, M., Cohnert, T., ...&Espinola-Klein, C. (2017). 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases. European heart journal, 39(9), 763-816.

Gerhard-Herman, M. D., Gornik, H. L., Barrett, C., Barshes, N. R., Corriere, M. A., Drachman, D. E., ... &Lookstein, R. (2017). 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69(11), e71-e126.

Hillegass, E. (2016). Essentials of cardiopulmonary physical therapy. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Kullo, I. J., &Rooke, T. W. (2016). Peripheral artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(9), 861-871.

Lo, R. C., Bensley, R. P., Dahlberg, S. E., Matyal, R., Hamdan, A. D., Wyers, M., ...&Schermerhorn, M. L. (2014). Presentation, treatment, and outcome differences between men and women undergoing revascularization or amputation for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Journal of vascular surgery, 59(2), 409-418.