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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)

Volume 160 – No 8, February 2017

1

Implementation of Big Data in Health Information

Systems: Sample Approaches in Saudi Hospital

G. Rasitha Banu, PhD Department of Health Information

Management and Technology, Jazan University, KSA

Prakash Kuppuswamy, PhD Department of Computer Engineering & Networks,

Jazan University, KSA

N. Sasikala, PhD Department of Computer Science Mohamed.sathak college of Arts

and Science, India

ABSTRACT Big data concept provides opportunity to exchange patient’s

medical information to the different healthcare providers.

Health Information System (HIS) has created the ability to

electronically store, maintain and move data across the world

in a matter of seconds and has the potential to provide

healthcare with tremendous increasing productivity and

quality of services. Big data analytics is a growth area with

the potential to provide useful insight in health information

system. Big Data can unify all patient related data to get more

option to view patient records to analyze and predict early

disease detection. Big data supports and improve clinical

practices, new drug development and health care financing

process. Implementation of Health Information system (HIS)

continues to expand infrastructure in Medical field due to

enormous number of patient comes across to store medical

data. In this paper we focus the Big data concept to increase

and store patients details in Saudi public hospitals with

maximum utilization. Most of the Saudi public and private

hospitals Health information system locally connected and

maintained by own hospital admin. There is no system

implemented to share the patient health record, treatment

details and medical prescription data to other hospital. The

main problem in the Saudi hospital, Health information is not

centralized due to unstructured, semi structured data maintain

by the Saudi hospital. Proper Health information system is

able to offer correct and complete personal health and medical

summary through the Big data methods. This paper introduces

the Big Data concept and characteristics, health care data and

some major issues of Big Data. Big Data methods and

challenges in medical applications and health information

system are also discussed in this study. This study provides a

base model to increase the use of big data in health

information system and can assist to understand the breadth of

big data applications.

Keywords Big Data, Health information system, Medical record,

Diagnosis, Centralized record, Hadoop, Saudi hospitals

1. INTRODUCTION Big data refers to huge volume of data exists in different file

format such as structured, unstructured and streamed data

which is placed in a server to mine the useful information for

business profits. Different types of analysis can be taken to

get different results. Big data is characterized by 7V’s Such as

Volume, velocity, Variety, Veracity, Value, visualization and

Volatility. Big data contains enormous volume of data [3].

Velocity refers to the speed of dataflow from or to sources

like network, social media sites and mobile devices and so on.

Variety means data in various file formats. Big data volatility

means the validity of data and how long the data will be

stored. Veracity means accuracy and correctness of

information. Value refers to the quality of data. Normally data

from EMR’s and EHR’s are recognized as high value data

which can lead to good quality. Visualization means charts

and graphs which are used to visualize large amounts of

complex data [1][3].

The Big data is needed to increase the storage capacity, to

increase the processing speed and availability of data. Various

tools are used in big data such as NOSQL, Hadoop Map

Reduce, and EC2 server and so on. The Big data is used in

some application areas such as telecommunication, healthcare,

social network and so on. Now a day’s Big data makes

changes dramatically in health care. While Big data is applied

to health care which reduces the cost for treatment, prevent

the people from disease through predictions and life span of

human life to be improved. One of the biggest issue in

healthcare is how medical data is spread across many sources

governed by different states, hospitals and administrative

departments. Integration of these data will need new

infrastructure where all data providers collaborate with each

other.

Health information systems refer to any system that captures,

stores, manages or transmits information related to

the health of individuals or the activities of organizations

that work within the health sector in a fraction of seconds

which is used to increase productivity and quality of services.

Health data sets are too huge and complex .It is very difficult

to use traditional software to manage health data. Big data is

playing a vital role in health care in terms of storing huge

volume of data, different file formats and accessing data in

high speed. EHR is the most widespread application of Big

Data in healthcare. Electronic health record (EHR),

or Electronic medical record (EMR), refers to collect patient

information electronically in a digital format [2]. Every

patient has his own digital record which includes

demographics, medical history, allergies, laboratory test

results etc. Records are shared via secure information systems

and are available for healthcare providers from both public

and private sector. Every record is comprised of one

modifiable file, which means that doctors can implement

changes over time with no paperwork and no danger of data

replication [3]. EHRs can also trigger warnings and reminders

when a patient should get a new lab test or track prescriptions

to see if a patient has been following doctors’ orders. It stores

data accurately and maintain up to date information.

The electronic health record (EHR) is considered as “big data.

In worldwide, there is an increase in Electronic health record

adoption rates [4][5]. Every year, one billion patient visits

documented in EHR systems in Saudi hospital. In addition to

this data about medical conditions, medications, and treatment

approaches are also increased. Thus, Health Information

system is needed to organize, interpret, and recognize patterns

from these data are needed [6]. The EHR adoption for

International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)

Volume 160 – No 8, February 2017

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healthcare improves quality of patient care and reduces the

health care cost. Previous studies shows that EMR systems

saves $77 billion per year at the 90% level of adoption; if we

added value for safety and health, it will double these savings

[2][3].

In Saudi Arabia, One issue in EMR systems is that they are

not highly centralized; each Healthcare Provider (HP) has its

own local EMR system. Cloud computing paradigm is one of

the popular Health Information Technology infrastructures for

facilitating Electronic Health Record (EHR) sharing and EHR

integration. Healthcare clouds offer new possibilities, such as

easy and ubiquitous access to medical data, and opportunities

for new business models. In this paper we are discussing

about some approaches to utilize big data in Saudi hospitals.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW Priyanka K Prof NagarathnaKulennavar (2014) This paper

gives a brief introduction about how we can uncover

additional value from health information used in health care

centers using a new information management approach called

as big data analytics. This paper defines big data analytics

and its characteristics, comments on its advantages and

challenges in health care. Big data analytics has the potential

to transform the way healthcare providers use sophisticated

technologies to gain insight from their clinical and other data

repositories and make informed decisions. To that end, the

several challenges must be addressed. As big data analytics

becomes more mainstream, issues such as guaranteeing

privacy, safeguarding security, establishing standards and

governance, and continually improving the tools and

technologies will garner attention. Big data analytics and

applications in healthcare are at a nascent stage of

development, but rapid advances in platforms and tools can

accelerate their maturing process [7].

Suzhi Bi, Rui Zhang, Zhi Ding, Shuguang Cui (2015) in

this article, authors discuss the challenges and opportunities in

the design of scalable wireless systems to embrace such a “big

data” era. On one hand, we review the state-of-the-art

networking architectures and signal processing techniques

adaptable for managing the big data traffic in wireless

networks. On the other hand, instead of viewing mobile big

data as a unwanted burden, they introduce methods to

capitalize from the vast data traffic, for building a big data-

aware wireless network with better wireless service quality

and new mobile applications. This article addresses challenges

and opportunities that we face in the era of wireless big data.

They outlined the major obstacles of big data signal

processing and network design with respect to the scale of

problem size and the complex problem structures.

Nevertheless, research on big data for wireless

communications and networking is not only promising but

also inevitable in light of the continuing data volume

explosion [9].

Javier Andreu-Perez, Carmen C. Y. Poon, Robert D.

Merrifield, Stephen T. C. Wong, and Guang-Zhong Yang

(2015),This paper provides outlines the key characteristics of

big data and how medical and health informatics, translational

bio informatics ,sensor informatics. This paper discusses some

of the existing activities and future opportunities related to big

data for health, outlining some of the key underlying issues

that need to be tackled. A better use of medical resources by

means of personalization can lead to well-managed health

services that can overcome the challenges of a rapidly

increasing and aging population. Thus, advances in big data

processing for health informatics, bioinformatics, sensing, and

imaging will have a great impact on future clinical research.

Another important factor to consider is rapid and seamless

health data acquisition, which will contribute to the success of

big data in medicine. Specifically, sensing provides a solid set

of solutions to fill this gap [10].

Lidong Wang, Cheryl Ann Alexander (2015)authors

introduces the Big Data concept and characteristics, health

care data and some major issues of Big Data. These issues

include Big Data benefits, its applications and opportunities in

medical areas and health care. Methods and technology

progress about Big Data are presented in this study. Big Data

challenges in medical applications and health care are also

discussed. Big Data is based on data obtained from the whole

process of diagnosis and treatment of each case. Big Data has

challenges in medical applications and healthcare. The authors

of the paper will focus on Big Data in medical sensor data and

streaming data processing, privacy-preserving data mining in

healthcare, sentiment analysis of medical big data and

personalization and behavioral modeling [11].

Jasleen Kaur Bains(2016)This paper gives a wide insight

and know how about the various Big Data analytics (BDA)

initiatives taken to improve healthcare worldwide. It also

explains the various phases involved in BDA process and

depicts its benefits and challenges with focus on healthcare

industry. As has been seen in existing studies, the BDA has

shown remarkable outcomes in many healthcare

organizations. In the future, with even more advancements in

the BDA processes we expect that healthcare cost will come

down drastically, life expectancy will increase, and we will

see much healthier population as compared to now with

people taking more accountability and charge of their health

using technological advancements. The future of healthcare is

promising [3].

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT In Saudi public sector, storing patient health information

process uses data from many sources. Most of the data is

unstructured processed data such as biological samples,

medical images, patient claims, medical prescriptions, clinical

notes, status updates, comments and diet advices etc., As we

stated above almost all aspects of healthcare data including

public health record, Electronic health data delivery and

research become more dependent on efficient data storage

(i.e.) Big data storage significantly required. We need to

generate right metadata for this data and transform it into a

structured format. The image and video data should be

structured for semantic content and search. Practically,

patients have a habit of hide some of the personal facts and

their lifestyle while filling up data sheet and during

consultation with physicians. Digital data need more accuracy

of the patients information otherwise system will not predict

the cause of disease and it will lead to wrong treatment. We

need to ensure that data from sources is a valid data or not and

is of good quality. Determining the validation and quality of

data in case of patient’s relative, third party or other media is

more risk. Existing data storage system in Saudi hospital is

not integrating patient’s activity and his treatment from health

center and other private hospital. It can be very hard by

developing certain standard database design practices meant

for a specific domain like private hospital, health centre and

other clinical activities. Most of the patients health record

handled by non-technical person, they don’t have practice to

normalized data according to the data storage format. For

instance, big data holds the promise of advanced analytical

methods that can help medical researchers and drug

manufacturers connect large collection of genomic and

International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)

Volume 160 – No 8, February 2017

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clinical sample data with streaming data from the Web and

government censuses in order to understand better how

inherited genetic variants contribute to certain genetic

diseases or predispositions to diseases, and perfectly

implement drug assessments.

4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY Nowadays there is a enormous growth of data due to the

accumulation of unstructured text data (i.e) up to 80% of

medical related data is unstructured text data. Natural

Language Processing (NLP) is the scientific discipline used

for making natural language accessible to machines. It is

necessary to facilitate text analytics by establishing structure

in unstructured text for further analysis. Text analytics is a

process of extracting useful information from text sources.

Text Analytics tools provides enormous services in healthcare

sector for constructing structured data from unstructured data.

In healthcare, it is used for medical record content extraction,

drug interaction discovery from pubmed articles, Disease

outbreak monitoring, and control from social media data.

Fig 1. Structure of the big data in Health care

In the era of big data, the right platform enables businesses to

fully utilize their data lake and take advantage of the latest

parallel text analytics and NLP algorithms. In the above

diagram, all types of data such as electronic health record

(EHR), patient monitoring systems, laboratory systems,

imaging systems and operational support systems in the form

of semi structures data, unstructured data, structured data and

quasi structured data from saudi government hospitals and

private hospitals are given as the input of NLP text analytics.

Our proposed model will facilitate the integration of

unstructured text data with structured data. BIG data

analytical method is applied to structured data. It helps data

specialists to find, compile, manage and analyze large

volumes of structured. Our new proposed structure make it

easier for medical data specialists to combine different kinds

of data from many different sources, process high volume of

data very quickly and accurately and get different types of

data technology to work smoothly together such as image

processing and signal processing. The useful information such

as patient information is stored in centralized servers such as

regional health center server and ministry of health server for

supporting research, government policy making and clinical

decision support systems and predetermined measurements.

The big data allows healthcare professional to access the

centralized server from anywhere.

5. BENEFITS For public and private sector, big data could mean the key to a

new era of data analytical and stranded data service

distribution. Storing the patient medical information in one

centralized source using big data server has good advantage

instead of storing the medical information in health centre,

private hospital and Saudi government hospital in different

individual server. Big data helps to storing the patient medical

information in one centralized server the medical practitioner

can quickly access and share medical information about a

patient across the various departments and organizations. Big

data computing is a highly simple to use technology to add to

medical organization. Big data based storage system of

medical records is much better, faster and easier to access, as

well as boasting lower downtime percentages. Big data

provide the facility to access the medical information from the

centralized data server from anywhere.

Depend on big data tools, healthcare experts may be able in

the future to combine epidemiologic approaches with disease

and mortality statistics that they have accumulated over the

years in order to gain a better understanding of disease

propagation patterns and reassess their disaster recovery plan

activities. Furthermore, by applying predictive analytics and

simulation to healthcare data, healthcare experts may gain

insights into or predict the demographic distribution of certain

diseases with regards to ethnicity, gender, and geography, and

be able to accurately quantify the interplay between the

quality of healthcare services accessible in different

geographic areas and the Saudi government’s investment in

health care. Sharing of medical record on big data is a less

cost accessing the data. In big data there is no need to upgrade

separate system. Guidelines, backup systems and disaster

recovery can be managed in centralized server.

6. CONCLUSION Big Data is based on large volume of data obtained from the

whole process of diagnosis, treatment and extract large

quantities of structured and unstructured data. It is necessary

to analysis of Saudi citizen’s health information as the

capability of analysts to recent advancements in analytics and

high-performance information technology available and

provided by the Saudi government in public health sector to

keep the every individual citizen health information. Big Data

analytics can perform predictive modeling to determine which

patients are most likely to benefit from a care management

plan. Proposed method offers a lot of benefits such as disease

prevention, reduced medical errors and the right care at the

right time and better medical outcomes. This proposed model

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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)

Volume 160 – No 8, February 2017

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is complete collection of data which can improve the

Research and Development and translation of new therapies.

Normally, Big data facing lot of challenges in medical

applications and health information system. Especially, these

challenges include consolidating and processing segmented,

aggregating and analyzing unstructured data, indexing and

processing continuously streaming data, data leakage and

unified standards etc., above these problems our proposed

methodology solving by NLP and various Text analytical

method mentioned in the figure1. Proposed scheme has great

potential to improve medicine, guide clinicians in delivering

value-based care. At the end, proposed structure addressed

several challenges and effective way of normalized data form

in the medical environment. In the future proposed plan will

see the rapid, widespread implementation and use of big data

analytics across the healthcare organization and the healthcare

industry using various analytical algorithms.

7. REFERENCES [1] Jasleen Kaur Bains , “Big Data Analytics in Healthcare-

Its Benefits, Phases and Challenges”, International

Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and

Software Engineering Research Paper Available online

at: www.ijarcsse.com , Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2016.

[2] Ahmed E. Youssef, “A Framework for secure Healthcare systems based on Big data analytics in mobile cloud

computing environments”, International Journal of

Ambient Systems and Applications (IJASA) Vol.2, No.2,

June 2014.

[3] R. Zhang and L. Liu, “Security Models and Requirements for Healthcare Application Clouds”,

IEEE3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing,

2010.

[4] Charles DK J, Patel V, Furukawa M., “Adoption of Electronic Health Record Systems among U.S. Non-

federal Acute Care Hospitals: 2008- 2013”,

http://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/. Accessibility

verified April 20, 2014.

[5] Faxvaag A, Johansen TS, Heimly V, Melby L, Grimsmo A., “Healthcare professionals’ experiences with EHR-

system access control mechanisms”, Stud Health

Technol Inform 2011;169:601–5. [PubMed]

[6] Wagholikar KB, Sundararajan V, Deshpande AW., “Modeling paradigms for medical diagnostic

decision support: a survey and future directions”, J Med

Syst 2012;36(5):3029–49. [PubMed]

[7] Priyanka K, Prof NagarathnaKulennavar, “A Survey On Big Data Analytics In Health Care”, (IJCSIT)

International Journal of Computer Science and

Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (4) , 2014, 5865-5868

[8] Suzhi Bi, Rui Zhang, Zhi Ding, and Shuguang Cui, “Wireless Communications in the Era of Big Data”,

arXiv:1508.06369v1 [cs.NI] 26 Aug 2015.

[9] Javier Andreu-Perez, Carmen C. Y. Poon, Robert D. Merrifield, Stephen T. C. Wong,Guang-Zhong Yang,

“Big Data for Health”, IEEE Journal of biomedical and

health informatics, Vol.19 No.4, July 2015.

[10] Lidong Wang, Cheryl Ann Alexander, “Big Data in Medical Applications and Health Care”, American

Medical Journal, 6 (1): 1.8, 2015.

[11] Liyanage H, Liaw ST, de Lusignan S., “Accelerating the development of an information ecosystem in health care,

by stimulating the growth of safe intermediate processing

of health information (IPHI). Inform Prim

Care 2012;20(2):81–6. [PubMed]

8. AUTHOR PROFILE Dr.G.Rasitha Banu, Assistant Professor, Department of

health Information Management and Technology in Jazan

University, KSA.She is having 19 years of teaching

experience and 10 years of research experience. She has

published more than 20 papers in national and International

Research journals. She has presented many Technical papers

in national and International conferences.Her research area

includes Data Mining, Bio-informatics and Cloud computing

etc.

Dr PrakashKuppuswamy, Lecturer, Computer Engineering

& Networks Department in Jazan University, KSA. Scholar

from Dravidian University, India. He has published 25

International Research journals/Technical papers and

Participated in many international Conferences in Maldives,

Libya and Ethiopia. His research area includes Cryptography,

Bio-informatics and E-commerce security, Cloud Security etc.

Dr.N.sasikala, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer

Science, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and

Science,Chennai, India. She is having 17 years of teaching

experience and 10 years of research experience. She has

published more than 10 papers in national and International

Research journals. She has presented many Technical papers

in national and International conferences. Her research area

includes Software Engineering, Bio-informatics and Big data

etc.

IJCATM : www.ijcaonline.org