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Chapter Eighteen Toward the Modern Era:

1870-1914

Culture and Values Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-

Rathus, 8th Ed.

Ó Belle époque Ó Growing frustration, restlessness

Ó Economic disparity, resentment Ó Population growth Ó Capitalism vs. Socialism Ó Loss of religious security Ó Migration to the United States

Ó The Women�s Movement Ó The right to vote

Ó Nietzsche�s Übermensch, �will to power�

The Birth of the Modern Era

The Visual Arts

Ó Academic Art Ó From Realism Toward Impressionism Ó Édouard Manet (1832-1883)

Ó Le Déjeuner sur l�Herbe (1863) Ó A Bar at the Folies-Bergére (1882) Ó Olympia (1863-1865) Ó Break from tradition Ó View of the artist

18.4 Édouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l�Herbe, 1863

18.5 Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882

18.7 Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863-1865

The Visual Arts Impressionism

Ó Realism of light, color Ó Fidelity to visual perception, �innocent

eye� Ó Devotion to naturalism Ó Strongly influenced by Japanese prints

Ó Claude Monet (1840-1926) Ó Impression: Sunrise (1872) Ó Nympheas (Water lilies, water study,

morning (1914-1918)

18.10 Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872

18.12 Claude Monet, Nymphéas (Water lilies, water study, morning (1914-1918)

The Visual Arts Impressionism

Ó Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) Ó Beauty of the world, happy activity Ó Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)

Ó Berthe Morisot (1841-1895) Ó Young Girl by the Window (1878)

Ó Edgar Degas (1834-1917) Ó Intimate moments as universal experience Ó Psychological penetration Ó�Keyhole visions�

18.13 Pierre Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876

18.14 Berthe Morisot, Young Girl by the Window, 1878

18.15 Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal (Adagio), 1877

The Visual Arts American Expatriates

Ó Mary Cassatt (1844-1926) Ó Influenced by Manet, photography, and

Japanese prints Ó James Abbott McNeill Whistler

Ó Influenced by Courbet and Japanese prints Ó Americans in America

Ó Thomas Eakins (1844-1916) ÓHistorical events

18.17 Mary Cassatt, The Boating Party, 1893-1894

18.18 James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1, 1871

18.19 Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1875

The Visual Arts Post-Impressionism

Ó Rejection of Impressionism Ó Personal artistic styles

Ó Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) Ó Georges Pierre Seraut (1859-1891)

The Visual Arts Post-Impressionism

Ó Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) Ó Impose order on nature Ó Priority of abstract considerations Ó Mont Sainte-Victoire (1904-1906)

Ó van Gogh�s Starry Night (1889) Ó Autobiographical, pessimistic art Ó Social, spiritual alienation

Ó Paul Gauguin (1948-1903)

18.23 Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1904–1906

18.24 Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889

The Visual Arts The Birth of Modern Sculpture

Ó Newfound realism of subject and technique

Ó More fluid, or impressionistic, handling of the medium

Ó A new treatment of space Ó Rodin�s Impressionist sculpture

Ó The Kiss (1886)

18.28 Auguste Rodin, The Kiss, 1886

The Visual Arts Fauvism

Ó�Les Fauves� Ó Loss of traditional values of color, form Ó Distortion of natural relationships Ó Henri Matisse (1869-1954)

Ó The Red Studio (1911)

18.29 Henri Matisse, Red Room (Harmony in Red), 1908

The Visual Arts Expressionism

Ó Alarm and hysteria Ó Edvard Munch, The Scream (1893)

Ó Autobiographical, social, psychological Ó Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Ó Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter

Ó Emotional impact, alienation and loneliness Ó Wasily Kandinsky

Ó Kathe Kollwitz Ó Sought universal symbols for inhumanity,

injustice, and humankind�s self-destruction

18.30 Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893

18.31 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden, 1908

18.33 Kathe Kollwitz, The Outbreak, 1903

The Visual Arts Cubism

Ó Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Ó Blue Period

Ó The Old Guitarist (1903) Ó Ethnographic art from Africa, Oceania, and Iberia Ó Les Demoiselles d�Avignon (1907)

Ó Analytic Cubism Ó Georges Braque (1882-1963)

Ó Synthetic Cubism Ó Futurism

Ó Umberto Boccioni Ó Giacomo Balla

18.34 Pablo Picasso, The Old Guitarist, 1903

18.36 Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d�Avignon, 1907

18.37 Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911

The Visual Arts Architecture

Ó Eiffel Tower (1889) Ó New heights: 984 feet tall Ó Gateway to the 1889 World�s Fair Ó Built of iron

Ó Wainwright Building Ó St. Louis, Missouri (1890-1891) Ó Steel cage construction

Ó Casa Mila Apartment House Ó Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926) Ó Avoidance of straight lines and flat surfaces

18.42 Louis Sullivan, Wainwright Building, 1890-1891

18.44 Antonio Gaudi, Case Milà Apartment House, 1905-1907

Music

Ó Communication beyond musical values Ó New treatment of melody, harmony, rhythm Ó Composer�s inner emotions, autobiography

Ó Program music Ó Symphonic, tone poems Ó Narrative + musical interests

Music Ó Opera

Ó Georges Bizet (1838-1875) Ó Giacomo Puccini

Ó Light Opera Ó Gilbert and Sullivan

Music Orchestral Music

Ó Richard Strauss (1864-1949) Ó Don Juan Ó Till Eulenspiegel Ó Alpine Symphony Ó Operas Ó Autobiographical compositions

Music Orchestral Music

Ó Tchaikovsky�s Pathétique (1893) Ó Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)

Ó Symphonies should contain everything Ó Painful joy of human experience Ó 9 symphonies, Das Lied vod her Erde

Music Orchestral Music

Ó Claude Debussy (1862-1918) Ó Changing flow of sound, shifting tone colors Ó Ethereal, intangible, refined Ó Natural atmospheres, Der Mer

Ó Maurice Joseph Ravel (1875-1937) Ó Classical form, balance Ó Daphnis and Chloe

Music Search for a New Musical Language

Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951) Ó Expressionistic atonal music

Ó Pierrot Lunaire (1912), Sprechstimme Ó Twelve-tone technique (serialism)

Ó Row, inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion

Music Search for a New Musical Language

Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Ó The Rite of Spring (1913)

Ó�the destruction of music as an art� Ó Russian folk subjects

Ó Changing, complex, violent rhythms

Literature

Ó Psychological Insights in the Novel Ó Sigmund Freud Ó Nature of individual existences Ó The subconscious and human behavior

Ó Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) Ó Concern for psychological truth Ó Human suffering, salvation Ó Crime and Punishment (1866)

Literature Ó Marcel Proust (1871-1922)

Ó Remembrance of Things Past Ó Evocation of memory Ó Stream of consciousness style

Ó Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) Irony and satire, passivity and emptiness

Ó Mark Twain (1885-1910) Ó The Mysterious Stranger

Literature Ó Emile Zola (1840-1902)

Ó J�accusse (I Accuse) (1898) Ó Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)

Ó Playwright Ó Mona Caird (1854-1932) Ó A.E. Houseman (1859-1936) Ó Rudyard Kipling

The Role of Women

Ó Family life, society at large Ó Right to vote, marriage ties

Ó Henrik Ibsen�s A Doll�s House (1879) Ó Criticism of anti-feminist social conventions

Ó Kate Chopin�s The Awakening (1899) Ó Sexuality as liberation from oppression

Chapter Eighteen: Discussion Questions

Ó Explain how Impressionism offers a new type of realism in the visual and musical arts of the early 19th century. What was this artistic style a reaction against?

Ó Consider the significance of the artist�s perspective and personal emotions and experiences. How is this individualization apparent in the arts of the early 19th century? How are the arts of this period markedly different from earlier periods? Explain, citing specific examples.

Ó Seen collectively, what are the pervasive characteristics of the arts in the 19th century? Where do all stylistic forms of the period converge? Explain.