Conflict Essay

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Perception and Communication
“But, y’all can see me now ‘cause you don’t see with your eye----you perceive with your mind.”
Gorillaz, “Clint Eastwood”

The Process of Human Perception

  • The active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations and other phenomena

Selection

  • We select to attend to certain stimuli based on a number of factors:

The qualities of the phenomena

Bright, loud, unusual

Our motives and needs

Culture

Organization

  • Constructivism – we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata

Prototype

Personal construct

Stereotype

Script

Interpretation

  • The subjective process of explaining our perceptions in ways that make sense to us
  • Attributions: explanation of why something happened or why someone acts a certain way

Interpretation Continued

  • Attributional Errors

Self-serving bias

leads us to make internal and stable attributions for our positive actions

We construct attributions that serve our interests

For negative actions and failures, we attribute them to external and unstable events that are beyond our control.

Slide*

Influences on Perception

  • Physiological Factors shape perceptions.

The 5 senses are not the same for everyone

Being tired, sick, stressed, happy affects perceptions

  • Age

With age comes experience

Influences perceptions of time

  • Cognitive Abilities affect how and what we perceive.

Person-centeredness= the ability to perceive another as a unique individual

Empathy= the ability to feel with another person

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Slide*

Influences on Perception

  • Roles shape our perceptions (career)
  • Expectations

What you think, suppose, want to happen

  • Culture

Beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that a number of people share

Social location: the social groups that we belong to shape how we see the world

A point of view that you adopt

How you make sense of the life and community

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Guidelines for Improving Perception
And Communication

  • Recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective
  • Avoid mind reading
  • Check perceptions with others
  • Distinguish between facts and inferences
  • Guard against the self-serving bias
  • Monitor labels (he is hyper or he is excited)

Sample Test Question

Nikki believes that she is lovable and that people are loving and can be trusted. Nikki has a ______ attachment style.

secure

fearful

dismissive

anxious-ambivalent

Sample Test Question

The active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, and situations is known as _________.

a. prototypes

b. perception

c. self-serving bias

d. cognitive schemata

Sample Test Question

Julie notices that she is the only person who has not spoken in a group conversation. She reminds herself to be involved, so she speaks up. Julie’s noticing and changing her communication to be more effective is an example of:

  • A. irreversibility.
  • B. monitoring.
  • C. person-centeredness.
  • D. systemic thinking.

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Interpretation

  • The subjective process of explaining our perceptions in ways that make sense to us
  • Attributions: explanation of why something happened or why someone acts a certain way

Locus: people’s actions

Stability: probability it will change

Specificity: certain circumstances or always

Responsibility: should he/she be held accountable

Influences on Perception

Implicit Personality Theory

  • A collection of unspoken and sometimes unconscious assumptions about how various qualities fit together in human personalities

Example: people who are outgoing are ______

Friendly

Confident

Fun

Influences On Perception

  • Physiology
  • Age
  • Culture

Social location

Roles

  • Cognitive abilities

Cognitive complexity

Person centeredness

  • Self

The Ladder of Abstraction

The Ladder of Abstraction

Abstract – not tangible; varies in degree of vagueness; conceptual; unclear; imprecise; increased abstractness increases potential for confusion

Concrete: exact, detailed, precise, accurate, particular; increased exactness increase competent communication

food, fruit, apple, _______

Thingy, tool, screwdriver, ___________