Essay on research paradigm
Hsc
BUS604Week3.pptxWeek 3
Research Design
Lecture Overview
Research designs and strategies
Strengths and weaknesses of different research designs
Research designs
Qualitative: for investigating and understanding the meaning individuals or a group of people ascribe to a social or human problem
Quantitative: for examining and testing objective theories by assessing the relationship among variables.
Mixed methods: involves the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data, integration of the two forms of data, and using distinct designs that may involve philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks
Creswell and Creswell (2018)
Research designs -Qualitative Research
Strengths
Data is based on participants’ own meaning
Provides individual case information
Data is collected in a naturalistic setting
Can describe a phenomena in rich detail
Weaknesses
Knowledge generated may not generalize to other settings or people
Data analysis is often time consuming
The results are usually influenced by the researcher’s personal biases
Research designs – Quantitative Research
Strengths
Can be used when large quantities of data need to be collected.
The result is usually numerical (quantifiable) and hence considered more “objective”.
The data is considered quantifiable and usually generalizable to a larger population
The research results are relatively independent of the researcher
Weaknesses
Knowledge produced may be too general and abstract
The researcher’s theory used may not reflect the local constituencies’ understandings
Research designs –Mixed methods Research
Strengths
can give a better understanding of the problem and yield more complete evidence
Can provide stronger evidence for conclusions through convergence and corroboration of findings
Researcher can generate and test a theory
Weaknesses
More time consuming
researcher may not be skilled in both qualitative and quantitative methods and may have to call on the expertise of someone else
More expensive
Alternative research strategies under each research design
| Quantitative | Qualitative | Mixed Methods |
| Experimental designs | Narrative research | Convergent |
| Nonexperimental designs, such as surveys | Phenomenology | Explanatory sequential |
| Grounded theory | Exploratory sequential | |
| Ethnographies | Transformative, embedded, or multiphase | |
| Case study |
Research designs
Each of the research designs have different strategies
Qualitative Research strategies
Case study: the researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a case
Ethnography: researcher studies the shared patterns of behaviors of a shared cultural group in a natural setting.
Narrative: the researcher studies the live experiences of individuals
Phenomenology : explores the lived experiences of a group of people about a phenomenon as described by participants
Grounded theory: the researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants
Creswell (2014)
Research designs
Quantitative Research Strategies
Survey: provides a numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population
Experiment: determine if a specific treatment influences an outcome
Creswell (2014)
Research designs
Mixed methods
convergent design: a form of mixed methods design in which the researcher converges or merges quantitative and qualitative data in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research problem
explanatory sequential design: is one in which the researcher first conducts quantitative research, analyzes the results and then builds on the results to explain them in more detail with qualitative research
exploratory sequential design: the researcher first begins with a qualitative research phase and explores the views of participants
Transformative mixed methods is a design that employs a theoretical lens drawn from social justice or power as the main perspective within a design that contains both quantitative and qualitative data
Creswell (2014)
Range of possibilities of data collection and how to organize these methods
| Quantitative Methods | Mixed Methods | Qualitative Methods |
| Pre-determined | Both predetermined and emerging methods | Emerging methods |
| Instrument based questions | Both open- and closed ended questions | Open-ended questions |
| Performance data, attitude data, observational data, and census data | Multiple forms of data drawing on all possibilities | interview data, observation data, document data, and audiovisual data |
| Statistical analysis | Statistical and text analysis | Text and image analysis |
| Statistical interpretation | Across databases interpretation | Themes, patterns interpretation |
| Constructivist knowledge claims | Postpostivist knowledge claims | Pragmatic knowledge claims |
Activities
See tutorial sheet
Reading list
Creswell, J.W and Creswell, J.D. 2018, Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, SAGE, Thousand Oaks
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