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2019-2020 Academic Year Summer –Week 5

Part I

Technology and

Research Methods (BUS230)

Lecture 5

Objectives

By the end of this session students should beableto

- Have an awareness of research paperstructureand formatting

- Identifyparts of a research paper

- Basic referencewriting and in-text citation

- How to write an Annotated Bibliography(AB)

Outline Research Paper Writing and APA Conventions Annotated Bibliography Sample paper

Lecture 5

Writing a Research Paper

APA Conventions

• Sets standards for scientific communication

• Specifies procedures (style rules) concerning:

o Structure and Content – Presentation and Layout of Page Structure

– Organization of Manuscript Elements

o Crediting Sources – In-text Citations

– Referencing

o Mechanics of Language (Sentence Level Concerns)

Writing a Research Paper

APA Conventions

An APA Paper

Form

Function

when organizing the paper

o Title page

o Abstract

o (Table of Contents)

o (Heading Levels)

o (Tables and Figures)

o Discussion and Conclusion

o Reference Page

o Appendix Page

A Research Paper written according to APA Conventions is guided on writing:

o Introduction

o Literature Review

o Methodology

o Results

The Research Paper

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology

Results

Discussion/Conclusion

References

Appendix

Title Page

Font and Size

Title

Running Head

DOUBLE SPACED Times New Roman – 12pt

The Title of the Paper is Centered

Running Head: THE TITLE OF THE PAPER

Running Head

Page Number

Title of the Paper

Author(s)

Institutional Affiliation

Title Page for Student

Paper

Title of the Paper

Running Head Page Number

Institutional Affiliation

Author(s)

Abstract

Paragraph

Title

Number of Words

One paragraph, no indentation

Abstract (Centered)

150-250

Indented

Keywords (Italicized)

Between three to five words

Keywords

Title

Running Head Page

Number

Keywords

Level Format

1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings

2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period.

4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

APA Heading Levels

Introduction

• The body of the paper opens with an introduction

• Introduce the specific problem under study (research questions)

• Summarize the argument/s & main aim of the paper

• Explore the importance of the problem

• Describe the research strategy

• Give the reader a firm understanding of what has been done and why

à Discuss the relevant literature in the Literature Review

Main Body of the Paper

Literature Review

Is the most essential part of a research process since it enables understanding

o the scope of the study, o the development of the ideas, o and the hypotheses

The part where o the rationale and justification of the research

topic with a relevant background are set up

Overview of prior research, what other researchers have published on a particular topic, to determine

o what is known o and yet unknown about the topic

Main Body of the Paper

Literature Review

Main Body of the Paper

Research Question

A question that the researcher intends to answer

Example: Are young people motivated to join airlines as pilots because they perceive it to be a glamorous job?

Hypothesis

A statement the researcher aims to either prove or disprove

Example: Young people are motivated to become pilots because they perceive it as a glamorous job.

Research Objectives

Describes what the research aims to achieve

Example: To identify whether young people are motivated to join airlines as pilots because they perceive it to be a glamorous job.

Research Questions/ Research Objectives / Hypothesis

Main Body of the Paper

Methodology

The methodology explains the details of how the research was carried out. It includes:

o An outline and description of the study

o Procedures for the experiment/case, sample collection (sampling), and research design

o How the data was analyzed

o Justification for why these procedures were used

A methodology enables any researcher to replicate the study implemented in the paper. Therefore, it should be in as much detail as possible.

Format

Tables

Number à Above table Title à Under table number in italic and

mixed case Spacing à Single or one-and-a-half Aligned à Left

Figures

Number à Below figure and in italic with period Title à Same line as figure number and in

lowercase Spacing à Single or one-and-a-half Aligned à Left

Main Body of the Paper

Results Discussion/Conclusion

Results of the research are presented.

They are not analyzed but simply reported in detail.

This information should include:

o Results and findings (qualitative or quantitative)

o Statistics (if any)

Discussion

The discussion analyzes and evaluates the data reported in the results section.

Conclusion

The conclusion reviews the objective. It:

Reminds the introduction and importance of the study

Makes connections to the literature review and initial hypotheses

Combines a review of the data with the researcher’s interpretations and further implications

Main Body of the Paper

References

The format of the reference page should be as follows: o Start on a new page

o Center the title as a level 1 heading, References

o List references in alphabetical order

o Left align the text

o Have the consecutive lines of each reference with a ½ inch hanging indentation

Note: Each source has certain formatting conventions that should be followed according to APA Style

In A lphabetical O

rder

References

Example Bourke, J. R., & Sam, F. (2013). Understanding the theory of teaching English

grammar in French high schools. Journal of International Grammars, 5(11), 53-67.

Journal Article in Print

In-text citations Parenthetical (Bourke & Sam, 2013) Narrative Bourke and Sam (2013)

References

Example Newport, K. & Gerry, C. (2010). Neural pathways in child development. Portland:

Bush House Publishing.

Authored Book in Print

In-text citations Parenthetical (Newport & Gerry, 2010) Narrative Newport and Gerry (2010)

References

Example Artunian, J. (2017, February 22). Writing a company history. Business. Retrieved

from https://www.business.com/articles/writing-a-company-history/

Webpage

In-text citations Parenthetical (Artunian, 2017) Narrative Artunian(2017)

References

Reference Page

References

Daller, M. H., Treffers-Daller, J. & Furman, R. (2011). Transfer of conceptualization patterns in bilinguals:

The construal of motion events in Turkish and German. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,

14(1), pp 95-119.

Lightbrown, P. M. & Spada, N. (1998). How languages are learned. ISBN: 0194371697

Wolchover, N. (2020, July 14). How Gödel’s proof works. Quanta Magazine. Retrieved from

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-godels-incompleteness-theorems-work-20200714/#

Paraphrasing

EXAMPLE Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student's style and a student's ability. Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in order to progress academically.

Differentiation is a way to encourage equality between the approach and talent of the student (Thompson, 2009). This type of instruction gives students different ways to deal with and grasp information, and for establishing new learning to move on in education (Thompson, 2009).

Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn, allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student learns and each student's skill (Thompson, 2009).

Which one has been paraphrased better?

Paraphrasing

Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn, allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student learns and each student's skill (Thompson, 2009).

Which one has been paraphrased better?

Short Quotations

o Fewer than 40 words o Has double quotation marks around the borrowed phrases or sentences (“_______”) o Includes author, year of publication, and page or paragraph number o Indicates page and paragraph numbers as (p. xxx) or (para. xxx) after the quotation, before the ending punctuation

mark of the short quotation

Long (Block) Quotations

o 40 or more than 40 words o Does not use quotation marks o Includes author, year of publication, and page or paragraph number o Indicates page and paragraph numbers as (p. xxx) or (para. xxx) after the ending punctuation mark of the quotation o Starts from a new line, indented ½ inch from the left margin, in a freestanding block of text o Uses a signal phrase to introduce the block quotation

In-Text Citations

These results suggest that morning people, as measured on the morningness–eveningness continuum are more proactive than are evening types. Additionally, the misalignment of social and biological time, as assessed by the difference between rise times on weekdays and on free days, correlated with proactivity, suggesting that people with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay. Their biological schedules seem not to fit neatly into social demands (e.g., school, university, work schedules) as do those of less misaligned people.

Randler, C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2787-2797.

In-Text Citations

Randler, C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2787-2797.

Randler (2009) states that people who are naturally morning people often also display traits that are considered proactive. He also suggests that late risers may not show as many proactive traits because they naturally operate on a different sleep schedule (p. 2793).

Paraphrasing and using an in-text citation

People who are naturally morning people have been shown to also display traits that are considered proactive, and late risers display fewer of these traits because they don’t get enough sleep on days when they have to go to work or school (Randler, 2009, p. 2793).

In-Text Citations

Randler, C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2787-2797.

Quoting and using an in-text citation

Randler (2009) states that late risers have “a high misalignment of social and biological time” which results in a mismatch between their natural schedules and the normal workday (p. 2793).

“People with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay” (Randler, 2009, p. 2793).

In-Text Citations

Randler, C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2787-2797.

Paraphrasing and using an in-text citation

Quoting and using an in-text citation

Randler (2009) states that late risers have “a high misalignment of social and biological time” which results in a mismatch between their natural schedules and the normal workday (p. 2793).

“People with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay” (Randler, 2009, p. 2793).

• The research on the use of Napster clarifies

assumptions (Spitz & Hunter, 2005) and provides

suggestions on how …

• Napster is a software used in a variety of fields (Spitz &

Hunter, 2005).

• Spitz and Hunter (2005) illustrate that …

• The research carried out by Spitz and Hunter (2005) …

• Results in the Spitz and Hunter (2005) study indicate …

Integration

In-text citations are used in Last Name and Last Name (Year)

format and can be at the start of a sentence or at the middle

In-text citations are used in (Last Name & Last Name, Year)

format and can be at the middle of a sentence or at the end

EXAMPLES

Start of sentence

Middle of sentence

End of sentence

In-Text Citations