1-2 page paper

Monet013

Burkley_ppt_chapter_07.pptx

Home >English homework help >1-2 page paper

Burkley

First edition

Chapter 7

Belonging

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)

7.1 Analyze the concept of belonging as a core motive

7.1.1 Analyze how belonging elicits behaviors

7.1.2 Explain how belonging produces positive outcomes

7.1.3 Describe the universality of belonging

7.2 Describe how the sociometer theory is related to motivation

7.2.1 Explain the concepts that influence self-esteem

7.3 Analyze the ways people gain and maintain belonging

7.3.1 Explain the relationship between likeability and belonging

7.3.2 Explain the relationship between competence and belonging

7.4 Analyze theories that examine how groups help fulfill the need to belong

7.4.1 Describe social identity theory

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

7.4.2 Explain terror management theory

7.4.3 Describe optimal distinctiveness theory

7.5 Compare the psychological outcomes of belonging in cyberspace versus real-world interactions

7.5.1 Explain how cyberspace affects belonging

7.5.2 Explain the relationship between cyberspace and face-to-face contact

7.6 Analyze how the loss of belonging can affect motivation

7.6.1 Describe how researchers study ostracism

7.6.2 Explain how internal reactions to rejection can affect motivation

7.6.3 Explain how behavioral reactions to rejection can affect motivation

7.6.4 Explain how long-term reactions to rejection can affect motivation

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Introduction: Belonging

Key questions to be answered

The need to belong

Sociometer theory

How we gain and maintain belonging

Fulfilling our need to belong within groups

Fulfilling our need to belong within cyberspace

Reactions to loss of belonging

Humans have a fundamental need to belong and to form and maintain lasting, positive relationships.

A person’s relational value reflects the degree to which other people value a relationship with them.

Self-presentation refers to our attempts to project a positive social impression.

Our group memberships are ones that fulfill our need to belong.

People often fulfill their need to belong through the use of the Internet and social media.

Ostracism occurs frequently, and it can result in many reactions, short term and long term.

7.1: The Need to Belong (1 of 3)

7.1: Analyze the concept of belonging as a core motive

Belonging as a core motive

Rejection

Pervasive drive to form and maintain lasting, positive interpersonal relationships

How do we know belonging is a core motive?

Babies

Pair bonding

Loners/hermits

7.1: Analyze the concept of belonging as a core motive

Point 1 – Belonging as a core motive

71% of students report bullying as a problem; 42% report being bullied online/cell phones.

Belonging is also sometimes referred to as a need for affiliation or need for relatedness.

Point 2 – How do we know belonging is a core motive?

Within 36 hours of birth, babies prefer human faces.

Only 3% of mammals practice pair bonding.

Even loners have ongoing contact with others. When people truly live alone or do not have social connectedness, it is not usually done out of choice.

7.1: The Need to Belong (2 of 3)

7.1.1: Belonging Elicits Behaviors

7.1.1: Analyze how belonging elicits behaviors

How does belonging elicit behaviors?

Quickly and easily form bonds with caregivers, group members, and acquaintances

“Rebound” relationships

Social snacking

7.1.2: Belonging Produces Positive Outcomes

7.1.2: Explain how belonging produces positive outcomes

How does belonging produce positive outcomes?

Adaptive

Mental health and well-being

Physical health

7.1.1: Belonging Elicits Behaviors

7.1.1: Analyze how belonging elicits behaviors

Point 1 – How does belonging elicit behaviors?

Consider Tom Hanks’ character in Castaway and how he created human contact with the volleyball he called Wilson.

Physical proximity is a major determinant of friendship development and interpersonal attraction.

How does this relate to dating and friendships in college?

After a relationship ends, we often try to fill that hole.

Discuss Sheldon and Gunz (2009) and the personality test challenging belonging.

Social snacking involves seeking out symbolic reminders of our current or past social connections.

7.1.2: Belonging Produces Positive Outcomes

7.1.2: Explain how belonging produces positive outcomes

Point 1 – How does belonging produce positive outcomes?

Social connections compensated for a lack of speed, ferocity, and strength in our ancestors.

How does that social connectedness translate to survival in our modern world?

Studies show that people who report being lonely have increased rates of depression, personality disorders, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Belonging is associated with more exercise, better diets, and better dental hygiene.

Being lonely is associated with higher death rates. Discuss Luo et al. (2012) and research with the National Death Index.

7.1: The Need to Belong (3 of 3)

7.1.3: Belonging Is Universal

7.1.3: Describe the universality of belonging

Belonging is universal

Found in every culture/country

Cultural differences

Individual differences

Belonging in the brain

Structure responsible for processing pain and pleasure

Anterior cingulate cortex

Oxytocin

Neurochemical

Treating social disorders

Increase socialness

7.1.3: Belonging Is Universal

7.1.3: Describe the universality of belonging

Point 1 – Belonging is universal.

People in every society belong to small groups.

Western cultures tend to seek loose relationships, while Eastern cultures seek secure, tight relationships.

Some people have a stronger “affiliation motive” than others and have high fears of rejection. Men focus on loose bonds with large groups, while women prefer tight, intimate relationships.

Point 2 – Belonging in the brain

Social connections are inherently pleasurable.

Raises the idea that social rejection produces the same effects as physical pain.

Point 3 – Oxytocin

Oxytocin plays a role in social affiliation and pair bonding.

Oxytocin has been influential in treating autism spectrum disorder.

Oxytocin can help typical people become more social. Refer to Kosfeld et al. (2005) and game of trust.

7.2: Sociometer Theory

7.2: Describe how the sociometer theory is related to motivation

What is sociometer theory?

Relational value

Self-esteem

Gauge

7.2.1: Does Acceptance Boost Self-Esteem and Rejection Reduce It?

7.2.1: Explain the concepts that influence self-esteem

Does acceptance boost self-esteem?

Exclusion lowers self-esteem when it reflects disapproval from others.

Exclusion by strangers

7.2: Describe how the sociometer theory is related to motivation

Point 1 – What is sociometer theory?

Our attempts to maximize acceptance and reduce rejection is an effort to enhance relational value.

Both positive and negative behaviors are linked to increasing our relational value.

Self-esteem is influenced heavily by our sense of belonging.

The sociometer monitors social relationships and gives a warning when one is in danger of being rejected.

7.2.1: Does Acceptance Boost Self-Esteem and Rejection Reduce It?

7.2.1: Explain the concepts that influence self-esteem

Point 1 – Does acceptance boost self-esteem?

Refer to Figure 7.1: Effect of Group Exclusion on Self-Esteem.

Discuss Leary et al. (1995) and group exclusion study.

Self-esteem decreases with rejection from strangers, people we desire, and even by non-sentient beings.

Figure 7.1: Effect of Group Exclusion on Self-Esteem

7.3: How We Gain and Maintain Belonging (1 of 2)

7.3: Analyze the ways people gain and maintain belonging

How do we gain and maintain belonging?

Self-presentation

Likeability

Competence

7.3.1: Likeability

7.3.1: Explain the relationship between likeability and belonging

The relationship between likeability and belonging

Pleasant, friendly, agreeable

Emphasize similarity

Primary factor in being liked

Matching hypothesis

Utilize ingratiation

Flattery, praise

7.3: Analyze the ways people gain and maintain belonging

Point 1 – How do we gain and maintain belonging?

Impression management is important because making a good impression is one of the most important tasks in initiating a social relationship.

We try to present traits to gain and maintain relationships.

7.3.1: Likeability

7.3.1: Explain the relationship between likeability and belonging

Point 1 – The relationship between competence and belonging

People who are more competent have a higher relational value.

Why do we want to share our accomplishments with others?

7.3: How We Gain and Maintain Belonging (2 of 2)

7.3.2: Competence

7.3.2: Explain the relationship between competence and belonging

The relationship between competence and belonging

Strive for success

7.3.2: Competence

7.3.2: Explain the relationship between competence and belonging

Point 1 – The relationship between competence and belonging

People who are more competent have a higher relational value.

Why do we want to share our accomplishments with others?

7.4: Fulfilling Our Need to Belong Within Groups (1 of 3)

7.4: Analyze theories that examine how groups help fulfill the need to belong

Why do we want to belong to groups?

Minimal group paradigm

In-group favoritism

7.4.1: Social Identity Theory

7.4.1: Describe social identity theory

What is social identity theory?

We form groups quickly because our groups represent a major source of self-esteem.

Self-esteem from group memberships

Favor in-group members

7.4: Analyze theories that examine how groups help fulfill the need to belong

Point 1 – Why do we want to belong to groups?

Groups are created from the most minimal of conditions.

Once minimal groups are created, people start to show preferential treatment toward their in-group and hostility to the out-group.

7.4.1: Social Identity Theory

7.4.1: Describe social identity theory

Point 1 – What is social identity theory?

We categorize others into in-groups and out-groups to arouse feelings of competition and a desire to win.

When our group does well, we experience a rise in self-esteem.

Discuss De Dreu et al. (2011) and Dutch participants with a moral dilemma.

7.4: Fulfilling Our Need to Belong Within Groups (2 of 3)

7.4.2: Terror Management Theory

7.4.2: Explain terror management theory

What is terror management theory?

Recognize mortality

Coping mechanisms—perceived immortality

People cope with the inherent fear of their own death by promoting and defending the groups to which they belong.

Evidence for terror management theory

Mortality salience

Conformity to group norms

Identification with one’s gender and race

Criticisms

Inconsistent with evolutionary theory

Cannot account for behaviors like suicide

Uncertainty or meaning can create the same responses

Do people actually experience “terror” when thinking about their own death?

7.4.2: Terror Management Theory

7.4.2: Explain terror management theory

Point 1 – What is terror management theory?

Humans can imagine the future, both good and bad.

Coping mechanisms include the group and culture, which provides a sense of immortality, from an afterlife or culture.

Point 2 – Evidence for terror management theory

Watching videos or writing an essay predicting death is the most common way to examine terror management theory.

Refer to Figure 7.2: Terror Management Theory

We seek out groups to which we can belong, and reminders of death increase people’s commitment to others.

Point 3 – Criticisms

Which criticisms do you think are valid? Why?

Figure 7.2: Terror Management Theory

7.4: Fulfilling Our Need to Belong Within Groups (3 of 3)

7.4.3: Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

7.4.3: Describe optimal distinctiveness theory

What is optimal distinctiveness theory?

Tension between assimilation and differentiation

Define identity in an accepting but selective group.

7.4.3: Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

7.4.3: Describe optimal distinctiveness theory

Point 1 – What is optimal distinctiveness theory?

Within a group setting, these two desires are opposites, and we work to resolve the tension.

Refer to Figure 7.3: Humans Constantly Experience a Tension Between Desires for Assimilation and Differentiation.

Figure 7.3: Humans Constantly Experience a Tension Between Desires for Assimilation and Differentiation

7.5: Fulfilling Our Need to Belong Within Cyberspace (1 of 2)

7.5: Compare the psychological outcomes of belonging in cyberspace versus real-world interactions

How do we fulfill our need to belong in cyberspace?

Communication options

Social media

7.5.1: Is Cyberspace Good or Bad for Belonging?

7.5.1: Explain how cyberspace affects belonging

Is cyberspace good or bad for belonging?

Mixed studies

Facebook

Disconnection

Increased connection

Temporary fix

7.5: Compare the psychological outcomes of belonging in cyberspace versus real-world interactions

Point 1 – How do we fulfill our need to belong in cyberspace?

The Internet has dramatically changed how we communicate and interact with one another.

7.5.1: Is Cyberspace Good or Bad for Belonging?

7.5.1: Explain how cyberspace affects belonging

Point 1 – Is cyberspace good or bad for belonging?

Some studies show negative impacts, such as a reduced sense of belonging. Others show that cyberspace is a good way to fulfill the need to belong.

Point 2 – Facebook

People who feel disconnected are more likely to use Facebook. They then feel more connected.

But, Facebook does not help people resolve their sense of loneliness and isolation.

7.5: Fulfilling Our Need to Belong Within Cyberspace (2 of 2)

7.5.2: Does Cyberspace Reduce Face-to-Face Contact?

7.5.2: Explain the relationship between cyberspace and face-to-face contact

Does cyberspace reduce face-to-face contact?

Unwarranted concern

Facilitate relationships

Retain connections over long distances

7.5.2: Does Cyberspace Reduce Face-to-Face Contact?

7.5.2: Explain the relationship between cyberspace and face-to-face contact

Point 1 – Does cyberspace reduce face-to-face contact?

People must eventually bring their online relationships into the real world of face-to-face interactions.

Why do some studies suggest that relationships that start online can be better than those that start the traditional way?

7.6: Reactions to Loss of Belonging (1 of 5)

7.6: Analyze how the loss of belonging can affect motivation

What are the reactions to loss of belonging?

Ostracism

Bullying

Cyberbullying

School violence

7.6: Analyze how the loss of belonging can affect motivation

Point 1 – What are the reactions to loss of belonging?

There are many forms of ostracism, some more severe than another.

Increased incidences of violence, especially among children, has led to a greater awareness of ostracism.

7.6: Reactions to Loss of Belonging (2 of 5)

7.6.1: How Researchers Study Ostracism

7.6.1: Describe how researchers study ostracism

Studying ostracism

“Life Alone” technique

“Get Acquainted” technique

Cyberball

Consequences of rejection

Internal

Behavioral

Long term

7.6.1: How Researchers Study Ostracism

7.6.1: Describe how researchers study ostracism

Point 1 – Studying ostracism

What are the various ways researchers can study ostracism?

Why are these ways effective?

Point 2 – Consequences of rejection

Refer to Figure 7.4: Consequences of Rejection This figure is not listed in the template.

Figure 7.4: Consequences of Rejection

7.6: Reactions to Loss of Belonging (3 of 5)

7.6.2: Internal Reactions to Rejection

7.6.2: Explain how internal reactions to rejection can affect motivation

The hurt feelings of rejection

Hurt feelings

Anterior cingulate cortex

Treating hurt feelings

Emotional numbness

Shock

“Life alone” technique

Impaired cognitive functioning

Poorer cognitive functioning

Poorer memory

“Life alone” technique

7.6.2: Internal Reactions to Rejection

7.6.2: Explain how internal reactions to rejection can affect motivation

Point 1 – The hurt feelings of rejection

Refer to Figure 7.5: Six Experiences That Cause Hurt Feelings

All of the experiences that cause hurt feelings involve low relational value in some form or another.

Why does social reject hurt in ways that other negative events do not?

Discuss the Eisenberger, Leiberman, and Williams (2003) study with Cyberball.

Does acetaminophen help treat hurt feelings? Discuss DeWall et al. (2010).

Point 2 – Emotional numbness

Studies show that rejection causes people to become emotionally numb and less likely to help others in need.

Point 1 – Impaired cognitive functioning

Refer to Figure 7.6: Effect of Rejection on Test Performance

Considering a lonely future negatively impacts cognitive functioning.

Figure 7.5: Six Experiences That Cause Hurt Feelings

Figure 7.6: Effect of Rejection on Test Performance

7.6: Reactions to Loss of Belonging (4 of 5)

7.6.3: Behavioral Reactions to Rejection

7.6.3: Explain how behavioral reactions to rejection can affect motivation

Aggression

Experiences of ostracism

School shootings

Desensitization

Impaired self-regulation

Self-defeating behaviors

7.6.3: Behavioral Reactions to Rejection

7.6.3: Explain how behavioral reactions to rejection can affect motivation

Point 1 – Aggression

Many school shooters have the experience of ostracism in common.

Two-thirds of school shootings in the United States involved bullying and ostracism.

Discuss Twenge et al. (2001) and aggression responses.

Rejection makes people more sensitive to rejection information.

What can help offset the aggression response to rejection?

Point 2 – Impaired self-regulation

Discuss Tice et al. (2001) and self-defeating behaviors.

Neuroimaging reveals that rejection decreases activity in the brain that controls regulation.

7.6: Reactions to Loss of Belonging (5 of 5)

7.6.4: Long-Term Reactions to Rejection

7.6.4: Explain how long-term reactions to rejection can affect motivation

What are the long-term reactions to rejection?

Shame

Humiliation

Low self-esteem

Depression

Self-destruction

7.6.4: Long-Term Reactions to Rejection

7.6.4: Explain how long-term reactions to rejection can affect motivation

Point 1 – What are the long-term reactions to rejection?

Chronic teasing, bullying, and ostracism can lead to many negative psychological indicators.

Long-term rejection can lead to self-destructive behaviors, such as eating disorders or suicide.

What do we need to do to reduce suicide risks?

Summary: Belonging

The concept of belonging as a core motive

The concepts that influence self-esteem

The ways people gain and maintain belonging

The theories that examine how groups help fulfill the need to belong

The psychological outcomes of belonging in cyberspace versus real-world interactions

How the loss of belonging can affect motivation

Humans seek out social connections, form bonds easily, and be reluctant to break bonds once they are formed.

According to sociometer theory, self-esteem acts like a gauge. When self-esteem is high, we are accepted by others, and vice versa.

People try to present themselves as likeable by emphasizing their similarities or engaging in ingratiation techniques.

Research using the minimal group paradigm indicates that people form group bonds quickly and easily, and that once a group is formed, people demonstrate in-group favoritism. According to social identity theory, we automatically categorize people into in-groups and out-groups. According to terror management theory, our groups protect us against the fear of death by promising immortality. According to optimal distinctiveness theory, people strive to strike a balance between assimilation and differentiation.

People who feel disconnected from others are more likely to use social media, which helps them feel more connected.

Researchers study ostracism in a variety of methods. Ostracism results in a number of inner reactions, including hurt feelings, numbness, and impaired cognitive functioning. Long-term ostracism is associated with self-destructive behaviors and suicide.