data 7

1. There are several database models as discussed below; 1 the first model is the Flat file which is a single file that is an electronic version of a box of index cards.

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the first model is the Flat file which is a single file that is an electronic version of a box of index cards

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Flat file A single file that is the electronic version of a box of index cards, in which all records

All records within this model use the same record format, for example, a shopping list. 2 A Hierarchical database includes nodes arranged as an upside-down tree in one too many relationships.

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A Hierarchical database includes nodes arranged as an upside-down tree in one too many relationships

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· Hierarchical database - Nodes arranged as an upside-down tree in one-to-many relationships

3 This model is an easy to use simple structure.

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This model is an easy to use simple structure

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This is an easy-to-use, simple structure

1 A good example is the windows registry.

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A good example is the windows registry

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Example:Windows Registry

4 This is because the application is limited to information that fits a one-to-many structure.

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This is because the application is limited to information that fits a one-to-many structure

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Application is limited to data that fits a one-to-many structure

5 The third model is a Network database which allows many-to-many relationships.

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The third model is a Network database which allows many-to-many relationships

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Network database allows many-to-many relationships

A good example is a domain name system (DNS) which has a more complex structure that are hierarchical. 5 The fourth model is a relational database which stores the record in tables that have a relationship to each other.

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The fourth model is a relational database which stores the record in tables that have a relationship to each other

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Relational database stores records in tables that can be related to each other

6 This is the most common type of database.

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This is the most common type of database

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This is the most common used type of database

5 A good example is music shop database.

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A good example is music shop database

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Example of this is music shop database

Similarly, we have a dimensional database characterized by three or more dimensions data relationship organization, for example, a publisher database another type is the object database storing data as objects grouped in classes. 3 Each object can have attributes that define their behavior.

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Each object can have attributes that define their behavior

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Objects can have methods that define their behavior

7 An example is a database for a business with online orders and physical stores.

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An example is a database for a business with online orders and physical stores

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An example of an Object database is a database for a business that has store and online orders

2 Lastly, there is an object-relational database which is a combination of object and relational concepts.

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Lastly, there is an object-relational database which is a combination of object and relational concepts

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· Object-relational database - Combine object-oriented and relational concepts

3 The data is organized into one or more tables with the flexibility to store unique types of data.

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The data is organized into one or more tables with the flexibility to store unique types of data

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This is organized as one or more tables, with flexibility to store unique types of data and program code necessary to access that data

It has program codes necessary to access that data (Ponomarenko et al., 2015).

2. Real: examples include, prices, discount, length of songs, number of songs or objects a. Integer: 8 data types include a number of pages, number of children, quantity, ranks, and number of payments.

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data types include a number of pages, number of children, quantity, ranks, and number of payments

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number of pages, ranks, number of children, quantity ordered, number of payments

b. Text: Book titles, item names, hair color, ZIP codes, name, address, city, states, and manufacturers among others (Jain et al., 2017).

c. Logical: Data examples include CPR certified, US citizen, licensed graduates among others.

d. Date: 9 Examples include expiration dates, birth date, renewal dates, registration and publication dates.

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Examples include expiration dates, birth date, renewal dates, registration and publication dates

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Birth date, publication date, renewal dates, registration dates

e. Memo: 10 Comments, description, evaluation, progress and general notices.

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Comments, description, evaluation, progress and general notices

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Comments, evaluation and description

f. BLOB: Music, program codes, employee photos, CD cover photos, Book cover and video clips (Jain et al., 2017).

3. The file used is comic book data file this database can be normalized using the SSN as the primary key. This should be coupled with linking of the tables with details and attributes of the shelves the books can be found, where else they can be found and their relationship to other comic books involved. A sample of a comic book database has been divided into fields and record types below.

COMICS

Title

Publication Date

ISBN

Publisher

2.

AUTHORS

AuthorLastName

AuthorFirstName

ISBN

3.

CHARACTERS

CharacterName

ISBN

The linking attribute is the ISBN. All the data tables within the database have the ISBN linking the different comic books regardless of the shelves they are found in.

4. Storing of records on a disk must follow some order. 3 For instance, the table’s sort order is the order in which records are stored on disks.

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For instance, the table’s sort order is the order in which records are stored on disks

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A table’s sort order is the order in which records are stored on disk

Sorted tables allow the database to produce results to queries faster they also update at a faster rate because they take advantage of clever algorithms that quickly pinpoint the records specified by the queries In a sorted table the new records and data are inserted to help maintain the order (Dumais et al, 2016). 5 In case no sort order is specified, the new records are appended at the end of the file this results in a file that has no particular order.

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In case no sort order is specified, the new records are appended at the end of the file this results in a file that has no particular order

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When no sort order is specified, new records are appended to the end of the file, resulting in a file that is not in any particular order

3 Queries and updates become slower in an unsorted database because the only algorithm for searching depends on a sequential look at each record.

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Queries and updates become slower in an unsorted database because the only algorithm for searching depends on a sequential look at each record

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Queries and updates within an unsorted database are slow because the only algorithm for searching an unsorted table requires a sequential look at each record

On the other hand, indexing does not make any changes to the underlying order of data. 3 Indexing is very similar to the indexing format of a book that consists of select keywords and a pointer to the page where such information can be found.

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Indexing is very similar to the indexing format of a book that consists of select keywords and a pointer to the page where such information can be found

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A database index is very similar to an index in a book that contains a list of keywords and a pointer to the page where they can be found

It is assigning keys to provide a pointer to specific record types and data. All the fields related to a given key can be retrieved by searching it.

11 5.SELECT Title FROM Books WHERE AuthorName = 'J.

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5.SELECT Title FROM Books WHERE AuthorName = 'J

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Answer 5 SELECT Title FROM Books WHERE AuthorName = ‘J

J. Parsons'

6. Encryptions secure data by making it unreadable to a hacker in case they reach it. 12This prevents the person from understanding the original data encryption makes the process of accessing information more resource intensive.

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This prevents the person from understanding the original data encryption makes the process of accessing information more resource intensive

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This makes the process of accessing data more resource intensive

However, it is important that a database uses other methods of securing data in combination with encryption. 13 User privileges on the other hand are defined databases to help restrict different users from accessing some types of data in a database, in other words, some users can easily see the categories of data tables while others cannot see the information, master privileges allow a person to access all data types.

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User privileges on the other hand are defined databases to help restrict different users from accessing some types of data in a database, in other words, some users can easily see the categories of data tables while others cannot see the information, master privileges allow a person to access all data types

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User Privileges are defined in databases to restrict different users for different access in database, some users can see some category of data tables while others can see other tables, the person with master privileges can see all data

9 The lowest level of user privileges is read-only.

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The lowest level of user privileges is read-only

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The lowest user level that can be used is read only

Lastly, there is database auditing. This refers to monitoring and recording select user actions within a database. This can use for individual actions or in combination with other factors such as name and application among others. This helps identify intruders, tracks changes made to help in maintaining accountability and comprehensive corrections. This should not be the only form of security since it reveals a breach after it has happened.