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Recognizing Bullying Behavior Resource

Use this resource to help identify students involved in bullying behavior, as well as students affected by bullying behavior.

Bullying Criteria These three criteria separate bullying behavior from other acts of aggression.

Intentionality: The bully knows his or her behavior will be perceived as unpleasant and maybe harmful to the targeted person. Repetition: The harmful act is repeated, or there is an escalation in the bullying behavior. Power Imbalance: Differences can be in physical strength, ratio of bullies to victims, self-confidence, or popularity.

Common Characteristics These lists identify common characteristics, according to research, of individuals prone to either bullying or being a victim of bullying.

Not all bullies and victims demonstrate these characteristics. Students may demonstrate some, but not all of these characteristics.

Bullies Victims • Bigger and stronger than average • Socially competent • Struggles academically • Dominates his or her social group • Interest in violent movies, TV, and video games • Has trouble resolving problems with others • Difficulty empathizing with peers • Poor self-image • Lacks self-control • Has trouble resolving problems with others • Angry, defiant • Extreme jealousy when not the center of attention

• Smaller and weaker than average • Clumsy, with coordination problems • Does not perform well in sports • Looks different (big ears, overweight, very skinny, etc.) • Lacks social skills • Has difficulty in solving social problems • Timid • Introverted • Low self-esteem • Few friends • Prone to anxiety • Lonely

Possible Signs a Child is Being Bullied These are common signs a student is being bullied. Students affected by bullying may only exhibit some, or none, of these signs.

• Nail biting • Nervous tics • Jumpiness • Poor attendance • Lack of confidence • Avoids competition (games, sports, etc.) • Sudden behavioral problems • Tardy

• Underachievement • Sudden change in personality • Withdrawn • Loss of appetite • Late for school/ last to leave • Bruises • Torn clothes • Stays physically close to adults during unstructured times

Accompanying Actions to Identify Bullying Behavior It may be difficult to identify bullying behavior through observation alone. Below are other actions you can take to help in the process.

• Talk to other teachers and school staff about what they are seeing. • Contact parents to express your concern and see if they’ve seen changes in the demeanor of their child. • Conduct an anonymous questionnaire to discover the overall prevalence of bullying amongst your students.

References: 1. Besag, V. (1989). Bullies and victims in schools. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press. 2. Cook, C.R., Williams, K.R., Guerra, M.G., Kim, T.E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic

investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65-83. 3. Kohut, M. (2007). The complete guide to understanding, controlling, and stopping bullies and bullying: A complete guide for teachers and parents. Ocala, FL:

Atlantic Publishing group, Inc. 4. Rigby, K. (2002). New perspectives on bullying. London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher Ltd.

Recognizing Bullying Behavior References

Besag, V. (1989). Bullies and victims in schools. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.

Cook, C.R., Williams, K.R., Guerra, M.G., Kim, T.E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65-83.

Cornell, D.G., Bandyopadhyay, S. (2010). The assessment of bullying. Handbook of School Bullying: An International Perspective, 265-276.

Crothers, L. M. & Levinson, E. M. (2004), Assessment of Bullying: A Review of Methods and Instruments. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82: 496–503.

Dupuis, D., Pellegrini, A., Hickey, M., Bohn, C., Solberg, D., Long, J., & Roseth, C. (2010). Bullying and social status during school transitions. In S. Jimerson , S. Swearer , & D. Espelage (Eds.),Handbook of bullying in schools: An International perspective. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. (2005). Bullying: who does what, when and where: Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research, 20(1), 81-91.

Hanish, L., Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., Fabes, R., Martin, C., & Denning, D. (2004). Bullying among young children: The influence of peers and teachers. In Espelage, D. & Swearer, S. (141-159). Bullying in American schools: A social- ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Herald-Brown, S., Ladd, G., & Buhs, E. (2010). Victimization and exclusion. In Jimerson, S., Swearer, S., & Eselage, D. Handbook of bullying in school: An international perspective. London, UK: Routledge.

Kohut, M. (2007). The complete guide to understanding, controlling, and stopping bullies and bullying: A complete guide for teachers and parents. Ocala, FL: Atlantic Publishing group, Inc.

Mishna, F., Scarcello, I., Pepler, D., & Wiener, J. (2005). Teachers’ understanding of bullying. Canadian Journal of Education, 28(4), 718-738.

O’Moore, M. & Minton, S. (2004). Dealing with bullying in schools: A training manual for teachers, parents, and other professionals. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

Olweus, D. (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751-780.

Pellegrini, A. & Long, J. (2004). Part of the solution and part of the problem: The role of peers in bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school. In Espelage, D. & Swearer, S. (107-117). Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Rigby, K. (1996). Bullying in schools and what to do about it. Melbourne: The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd.

Rigby, K. (2002). New perspectives on bullying. London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher Ltd.

Rigby, K. & Slee, P. (1993). The bullying prevalence questionnaire.

Smith, P. & Slonje, R. (2010). Cyberbullying the nature and extent of a new kind of bullying, in and out of school. In S. Jimerson, S. Swearer, & D. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An International perspective. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Solberg, M. E., Olweus, D., & Endresen, I. M. (2007). Bullies and victims at school: Are they the same pupils? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(2), 441-464.