Answer Questions
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BuildingCodes.pdf
For Interior Design
INTERIOR DESIGNER
▪ The professional interior designer is qualified by education, experience, and examination to enhance the function and quality of interior spaces for the purpose of improving the quality of life, increasing productivity, and protecting the health, safety, and welfare of the public.
INTERIOR DESIGN
Health- The condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit; especially free from physical disease or pain
Safety- The condition of being free from harm, risk, or injury
Welfare- The state of doing well especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, wellbeing, psychological content, or prosperity
▪ EGRESS ……….. Getting out
▪ SEPERATION ………….. Protecting occupants form each other
▪ The first published code book was the 18th century the Code of Hammurabi where the builder was put to death if his buildings fell down. If the son of the owner of building dies, then the son of the builder should be killed
▪ In the U.S., the first code was put in 1625 due to fires in New York. Chicago’s 1871 fire had an effect on publishing the first code book, by the National Building Code in 1905.
THE GREAT CHICAGO FIRE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= a3Q3wwRAGiw
FIRE SAFETY DESIGN
▪ According to the 2013 report on home fires by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), on average, seven people died each day in home fires in the United States (US). Cooking equipment remains the leading cause of home structure fires and injuries, but smoking materials remain the leading cause of deaths.
▪ The two leading items in home fire deaths remain upholstered furniture and mattresses and bedding, although the number of deaths from these sources of first ignition continues to decline.
▪ Fire protection requires the coordination of the building’s architecture and interiors, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems, and signal system.
▪ Fire detection, alarm, and suppression systems have highly visible elements that must be coordinated with the interior design of the building
There may be conflicts between fire resistance and features including daylighting, passive cooling, and the HVAC system. Potential conflicts also exist between safe evacuation of people and suppression of fire.
▪ STEP #1 Determine Occupancy Classifications and Occupancy Loads for building use
▪ Occupancy Classifications
▪ Occupancy Types
A-2
A-1
A-3 A-4/A-5
▪ Occupancy Types
I-1
I-2
I-3 I-4
▪ Occupancy Types
▪ R-1: occupancies containing sleeping units where the occupants are primarily transient in nature (e.g. hotels and motels).
▪ R-2: occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permeant in nature (apartment houses and dormitories)
▪ R-3: occupancies where the occupants are primarily permeant in nature and not classified as Group R1-R-2, R-4 or I.
▪ R-4: occupancy shall include buildings, structures or portions thereof for more than five but not more than 16 persons, excluding staff, who reside on a supervised residential environment and receive custodial care.
▪ Occupancy Separation
▪ Mixed Occupancies
▪ Occupancy Loads
▪ Occupancy Loads
▪ Gross area refers to all spaces within the exterior walls
▪ Net area refers to actual occupied spaces and does not include accessory spaces such closets, restrooms, corridors)
▪ In many cases, the codes allow an assembly-type use that is part of another occupancy classification to be considered the same occupancy that it serves. It may depend on the size or the occupant load.
▪ For example, the IBC allows rooms used for assembly purposes that are less than 750 square feet (70 square meters [sm]) or have an occupancy less than 50 to be classified either as a Business occupancy or as part of the main occupancy classification.
▪ Assembly occupancies that are related to Educational or are accessory to a religious educational facility can also be classified with the occupancy that they serve, according to the IBC.
▪ Colleges and universities (educational facilities after the twelfth grade) are considered Business occupancies.
EXAMPLE OF A KNOWN PROJECT THAT VIOLATED OCCUPANCY LOAD
▪ A Tea Dance was held at the skywalk of Hyatt Regency Hotel Kansas.
▪ The Architect had last minute changes in the skywalk and the engineer received incomplete shop drawings and the details were not rechecked after the changes.
▪ Exceeded occupancy when hired dancers on the bridge
30Occupant Load = Floor Area (sqft)
Load Factor
▪ The Formula
▪ You client wants you to design an existing 450 sqft restaurant. Since the code asks you for 15 sqft/person, then
Occupant Load = Load Factor
Floor Area (sqft)
450/15= 30 people are allowed in the restaurant
30
▪ Your client wants to design a new restaurant for 50 customers, one of the building codes you are using requires you to assign 15 sqft per person….. Then using the formula
30
Load Factor x Occupant Load = Floor Area
15 x 50 = 750 sqft
▪ STEP #2 Select the Type of Construction for the Building
▪ IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IV, VA, VB
▪ The most fire resistive type of construction is on the left and the least fire resistive type is on the right.
▪ STEP #3 Incorporate Means of Egress and Accessibility Provisions into the Design.
▪ The three parts of a means of egress are the exit access, which leads from the room or space to the exit; the exit, which is separated from all other spaces of a building and leads from the exit access to the exit discharge; and the exit discharge, which connects the exit with the public way, typically on the ground floor of a building.
NUMBER AND SIZE OF EXITS
▪ The number and size of exits from interior spaces is dictated by the;
• Occupancy Load
• Common path of egress travel distance
The number if exits or exit access doorways required
within the means of egress system shall comply with the
provisions of Section 1006.2 for spaces, including
mezzanines within a story or basement, and Section
1006.3 for stories and occupied roofs.
▪ The required number of exits from any story, basement, or individual space must be maintained until arrival at grade or the public way.
▪ The width of the stairs based on 0.3 inches per occupant.
▪ The width of the means of egress doors, corridors, and other egress paths, other than stairways, is calculated by multiplying the occupant load by 0.2 inches.
▪ The width must be arranged so that if one of the paths is lost, the total width is not reduced by more than 50 percent.
▪ These widths must be maintained to the public way.
▪ Widths can be reduced to 0.2 inches for stairs and 0.15 inches for other locations if the building is equipped with an:
• Automatic fire sprinkler systems &
• Emergency voice/alarm communication system
Stairway's min dim.
▪ 36 inches for <50 occupants
▪ 44 inches for >50 occupants
▪ 48 inches for accessibility and shall have an area of refuge.
▪ Spaces or buildings requiring only one exit must have one accessible means of egress.
▪ Spaces of buildings requiring 2 or more exits must have 2 accessible means of egress.
▪ In buildings 4 stories or more, an elevator must serve as one of the required accessible means of egress.
▪ Accessible means of egress must continue to public way or area of assisted rescue which lead to public way.
▪ One wheelchair space for every 200 occupants served by the area of refuge.
• Not required in sprinklered buildings.
▪ Located in:
• Stairway enclosure
• Elevator lobby
▪ 2-way communication required.
Corridor's min dim.
▪ 36 inches for <50 occupants
▪ 44 inches for >50 occupants
Doors
▪ Doors must provide a minimum clear width of 32 inches measured at 90 degrees.
▪ Maximum width of a swinging door leaf is 48 inches.
▪ Doors serving an occupant load of 50 or more, muts swing in the direction of travel.
▪ Doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches.
Ramps
▪ Slopes are limited to a maximum of 1:12.
▪ Width is number of occupants multiplied by 0.2 inches.
▪ A pathway created by furniture or equipment, with a maximum wall height of 1.75 meters (5’-9”). If the furniture or equipment is any higher, it is considered a corridor.
▪ Given: Restaurant with 5,000 square feet dinning area.
▪ Determine Dinning Occupant Load:
5,000/15 sq.ft. per occupant = 334 occupants
▪ Determine exit path width:
334 x 0.2” per occupant = 66.8”
Since minimum 2 exits are required, therefore clear door width = 34” min
▪ Determine stair width:
334 x 0.3” per occupant = 100.2”
Since minimum 2 exits are required, therefore clear stair width = 50.1” min
30
▪ Given: Restaurant with 5,000 square feet dinning area.
▪ Add Sprinklers and Emergency Communication System.
▪ Determine exit path width:
334 x 0.15” per occupant = 50.1”
Since minimum 2 exits are required, therefore clear door width = 32” min
▪ Determine stair width:
334 x 0.2” per occupant = 66.8”
Since minimum 2 exits are required, therefore clear stair width = 44” min
30
▪ When 2 exits are required, the exits must be located as far from each other as practical.
▪ Min. for unsprinklered buildings= 1/2 of the farthest diagonal apart.
▪ Min. for sprinklered buildings = 1/3 of the farthest diagonal apart.
▪ Exit access travel distance is the maximum distance that occupant must travel before they reach an exit.
▪ The Common path of travel is the distance an occupant must travel before they have their choice of more than one exit.
▪ Corridors 20’-0” or longer with no exit are unacceptable (unsprinkled)
▪ 50’-0” max. (sprinkled)
▪ STEP #4 Determine required tenant and occupancy separation
