Safety, Quality, and Informatics
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BSN-FP4016_TallarineSamantha_Assessment1-1.pptxPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Samantha M. Tallarine
Capella University
BSN-FP4016
1
AGENDA
The presentation covers:
Identification of the disease
Identification of three most commonly used drugs
Types of actions, side effects and indications of the medications
Description of the treatment regime
Impact of the treatment regime on patients
How nurses should monitor clients and
Controversies associated with the medication
The presentation will focus on the issues identified. Addressing the issues provides an opportunity to identify and evaluate the selected disease in order to understand the issues affecting the patients, healthcare professional and the healthcare industry as a whole.
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IDENTIFICATION OF THE DESEASE
The identified disease is:
Type 2 Diabetes
It’s a health condition that affects:
The body’s ability to process sugar
Mostly common for nurses among
High risk population such as those who are obese or overweight
The disease identified for the assignment is Type 2 diabetes. The disease is a health condition resulting from the inability of the body to process sugar. Even though screening is recommended for those who are 45 years and older, those who are under the age of 45 and are overweight are recommended to go for screening to determine if one is exposed to the condition and if so, the type of the condition, whether type 1 or type 2, (Fuchsberger et al., 2016).
Image sourced from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317769.php
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DRUGS MOST OFTEN USED
Metformin (Glumetza , Glucophage, among others)
Generally the first prescription for the condition
Sulfonylureas
Helps the body to produce more insulin
Meglitinides
Stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin
Metformin works by lowering the production of glucose in the liver thus improving the sensitivity of the body to insulin which improves its efficient use in the body. Sulfonylureas work by helping the body to produce more insulin thus meeting the body needs efficiently. Meglitinides also work by stimulating the production of insulin from the pancreas thus meeting the deficit by the body.
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TYPES OF ACTIONS, SIDE EFFECTS, INDICATIONS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
Metformin (Glumetza , Glucophage, among others)
Possible side effects include:
Nausea and diarrhea
Sulfonylureas
Possible side effects include:
Low blood sugar and
Weight gain
The side effects of Metformin include nausea and diarrhea. The side effects disappear after the body of the patient gets used to the medication or when the medication is taken alongside a meal. Other oral medications can also be administered alongside the drug to promote positive outcomes as argued by Borries et al. (2019). The side effects of Sulfonylureas include experiences low blood sugar among the patients using the medication.
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CONTINUATION…
Meglitinides
Faster acting medication
Thus shorted duration and effect on the body
Side effects include:
Low blood pressure and
Weight gain
The drug acts faster compared to the other drugs. This makes it have a shorted acting duration in the body. However, the medication also has side effects which may result in low blood pressure and weight gain to the patients taking the prescription. These side effects may further affect the health and overall well-being of the patient if not checked.
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TREATMENT REGIME MOST OFTEN PRESCRIBED
The most prescribed treatment regime include:
Medication
Prescribed medication
Lifestyle changes
Increasing body activity to manage sugar and fat in the body
Exercise
The most prescribed treatment regime for diabetes type 2 is medication complimented by lifestyle changes. The medications include prescription of Metformin which is also the most prescribed medication for dealing with the condition. Lifestyle changes are focused on reducing the health risks associated with the condition thus improving the effectiveness of the treatment interventions, (Fuchsberger et al., 2016).
Image sourced from: https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/treatment/managing/
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IMPACT OF TREATMENT REGIME ON CLIENT LIFESTYLE
High frequency of taking medications
Medications taken daily
Thus the need to adhere to the dosage requirements
High cost of medication
Insulin costs an average of $450 monthly per patient
This reduces patients disposable income
The impact of taking the diabetes type 2 medication is that the high frequency of taking the medication can overwhelm the patient as they are required to take the medication once or twice everyday. This means that the individual has to ensure that they remember to take their medication which might prevent them from engaging in other productive activities. The high cost of insulin present major challenges, particularly for those patients originating from lower social class within the community or society, (Toschi et al. 2016).
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CONTINUATION…
Lifestyle changes affect the normal life of the patient
The need to create time for activities such as exercise
Affects the patient daily activities such as:
Work and
Feeding habits
Lifestyle changes require individuals to make changes to their daily lives in order to realize the desired outcomes. Achieving this may require the patient to make significant changes in their life which may affect how they go about their day to day activities, (Borries et al. ,2019). For instance, the need for physical exercise makes it necessary for the patient to find time to engage in the activities. This might be difficult if the patient faces challenges such as tight work schedules.
Image sourced from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/intensive-lifestyle-change-it-works-and-its-more-than-diet-and-exercise-2017082112287
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MONITORING A PATIENT ON TREATMENT
Encouraging patients to join self monitoring groups
Improves the effectiveness of monitoring
Improving patient nurse-relationship
Improve communication between patient and nurse
Thus understanding specific health needs of the patient
Regularly performing the HbA1c test
To measure the blood sugar levels the patient
Encouraging patient to join self-monitoring groups helps them to identify the most effective groups to help them adhere to the treatment as well as monitoring their sugar levels. Improving the patient-nurse relationship helps to improve communication between the two parties thus improving the overall effectiveness of the treatment interventions as argued by Marso et al. (2016). This is the case base patients are able to explain to the nurses how they are feeling and the nurse will determine how best to manage the situation at for the short and long terms. Regularly performing the HbA1c test helps to determine the sugar levels of the patient thus determining the most effective solution to be explored.
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CONTROVERSIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DRUG
There are controversies on the use of drugs for lowering blood sugar levels
According to American College of Physicians (ACP),
Reducing blood sugar below 7 % could have detrimental effects
It recommends a goal of between 7-8%.
The American College of Physicians (ACP) argues that reducing the blood sugar levels of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes could have more harm than good to the patient. The organization points out that the current recommended level of 7 percent may not be a good idea since the level of 5.5 is considered to be normal. As such, the organization recommends a maintaining blood sugar level of between 7-8% to obtain the desired healthcare outcomes.
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REFERENCES
Borries, T. M., Dunbar, A., Bhukhen, A., Rismany, J., Kilham, J., Feinn, R., & Meehan Sr, T. P. (2019). The impact of telemedicine on patient self-management processes and clinical outcomes for patients with Types I or II Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: A scoping review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.
Fuchsberger, C., Flannick, J., Teslovich, T. M., Mahajan, A., Agarwala, V., Gaulton, K. J., ... & Rivas, M. A. (2016). The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. Nature, 536(7614), 41.
Marso, S. P., Bain, S. C., Consoli, A., Eliaschewitz, F. G., Jódar, E., Leiter, L. A., ... & Woo, V. (2016). Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(19), 1834-1844.
Toschi, E., & Wolpert, H. (2016). Utility of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, 45(4), 895-904.
